MCAT Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living
Systems || Questions and 100% Verified Answers.
Le Châtelier's Principle correct answers the equilibrium will favor products when the
concentration of products is kept low.
cytochrome c correct answers a heme protein that only cycles between a ferrous and ferric state
during oxidative phosphorylation. Only single electron transfers are possible.
oxidative phosphorylation correct answers the process in which ATP is formed as a result of the
transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH2 to O2 by a series of electron carriers. This process,
which takes place in mitochondria, is the major source of ATP in aerobic organisms
suitable primers for PCR correct answers have a high GC content and have G or C base pairs at
the 5' and 3' ends.
Mistranslation of codons can result in correct answers the incorporation of incorrect amino acids
and would most likely increase protein misfolding
regulation of gene expression in bacteria correct answers one method by which bacteria respond
to changes in their environment, in this case the addition of a new metabolite (polysaccharide).
When polysaccharide is absent, the enzymes necessary to digest it are not expressed. However,
upon addition of polysaccharide, in order for it to be used as an energy source, expression of the
enzymes becomes necessary. Thus, the lag in colony growth represents the period in which the
expression of the enzymes is occurring.
Zwitterion correct answers a molecule with two or more functional groups, of which at least one
has a positive and one has a negative electrical charge and the net charge of the entire molecule
is zero
How blood travels through vessels correct answers heart, artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, vein,
heart
brown adipose tissue (BAT) correct answers A type of adipose tissue, found primarily in infants,
that produces body heat; it gets its name from the large number of mitochondria and capillaries
responsible for the brown color
Individual cells making up a tissue vs. single-celled organisms correct answers only single celled
organisms can have an extended independent life
anaerobic respiration correct answers Respiration in the absence of oxygen. This produces lactic
acid or ethanol. Also pyruvate (from glycolysis) and glucose-6-phosphate (produced during
glycolysis)
,RBCs must pass through capillaries in single file because correct answers gases enter and exit
the RBC through diffusion across the RBC plasma membrane. If RBCs pass through capillaries
single file, more RBC surface area is exposed, increasing the efficiency of gas exchange
Kd correct answers inversely proportional to binding affinity
ectoderm correct answers outermost germ layer; produces sense organs, nerves, and outer layer
of skin
Endoderm correct answers the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and
respiratory systems
Mesoderm correct answers middle germ layer; develops into muscles, and much of the
circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems
order of classification system correct answers Dear King Philip Cried Out For Good Soup
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
polymorphism correct answers a gene that has multiple alleles, corresponding to distinct forms of
a phenotype
inbreeding and speciation correct answers inbreeding increases homozygosity and can lead to
speciation
bottleneck correct answers A change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the
size of a population
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium correct answers mutational equilibrium, large pop., random mating,
immigration/emigration must not change gene pool, and no natural selection
genetic drift correct answers one allele may be permanently lost due to the death of all members
having that allele
components of a virus correct answers 1. Genome: RNA or DNA = acts as genetic code
2. Capsid layer: Protein shell (capsomeres) enclosing the genome
3. Tail, base plate, tail fibers
some have lipid-rich protein envelopes
bacteriophage correct answers injects nucleic acids through tail, capsid stays out
eukaryotic viruses correct answers whole virus engulfed by endocytosis
lytic infection correct answers process in which a virus enters a cell, makes copies of itself, and
causes the cell to burst
, lysogenic infection correct answers process by which a virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of
the host cell and is replicated along with the host cell's DNA; when virus becomes active, it takes
on lytic phenotype
-RNA steps correct answers -RNA must undergo an extra step to be transcribed into +RNA and
then translated to protein
archaea correct answers Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not
contain peptidoglycan; have similarities to Eukaryotes
bacteria shapes correct answers coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod-shaped), spiralla (spiral)
penicillin correct answers attacks peptidoglycan cell wall
gram-positive bacteria correct answers thick peptidoglycan on outside
has teichoic acids
gram-negative bacteria correct answers Smaller amount of peptidoglycan located between two
membranes
Fimbriae correct answers short tentacles that can attach bacterium to a solid surface; not involved
in cell movement
flagella correct answers A long, hollow, rigid, helical cylinder that helps in cell motility. Many
bacteria are flagellated. Rotate counterclockwise. If they rotate clockwise, the bacterium tumbles
(change orientation)
Made of flagellin in bacteria, made of microtubules in eukaryotes
genetic recombination of bacteria correct answers conjugation, transformation, transduction
conjugation correct answers In bacteria, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are
temporarily joined. The bacterium must contain a conjugative plasmid (contains gene for sex
pilus)
F plasmid correct answers fertility factor - codes for sex pilus
R plasmid correct answers donates resistance to certain antibiotics
transformation correct answers process by which bacteria incorporate DNA from the external
environment into their genomes
