Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior || Questions and 100% Verified Answers.
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Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations
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Psychological, Social, And Biological Foundations
Shadowing correct answers repeating the digits presented to a specific ear is an example of
Verbal inputs to the left ear, which first go to the auditory cortex in the right hemisphere, must be processed by the language areas of the left hemisphere.
because, in all but a relatively small numb...
Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of
Behavior || Questions and 100% Verified Answers.
Shadowing correct answers repeating the digits presented to a specific ear is an example of
Verbal inputs to the left ear, which first go to the auditory cortex in the right hemisphere, must be
processed by the language areas of the left hemisphere.
because, in all but a relatively small number of people, the brain areas that process linguistic
information (both production and comprehension) are lateralized in the left hemisphere. correct
answers here was no clear difference between the left and right ears in omission errors. Most
intrusions of digits from the unattended ear occurred when participants were instructed to attend
to the left ear.
What is the best explanation for the difference in the number of intrusion errors in Phase 1?
Hypothalamus
because the hypothalamus is concerned largely with the maintenance of homeostatic equilibrium.
Damage restricted to the hypothalamus would be unlikely to interfere with discrimination
learning or attention skills. correct answers Research using animal models indicates that cocaine
exposure during pregnancy: (1) reduces oxygen levels and blood flow to the uterus, (2) interferes
with neural proliferation and synaptogenesis, (3) alters functioning of three neurotransmitters
(dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine) in the offspring during gestation, and thereafter, (4)
impairs post-weaning discrimination learning and attention skills.
In mammals, which brain area is LEAST involved in the abilities mentioned in the first
paragraph?
Glucose metabolism in the fetal brain increased.
because cocaine is a stimulant it would have a physiological effect similar to stress and hence
glucose metabolism is expected to increase. B is incorrect because transport of cocaine to the
fetal circulation does not indicate whether the drug is pharmacologically active in the fetus. C is
incorrect because the fetus may not be mature enough to feel pain. In any case, pain relief is
associated with heroin, not cocaine. D is incorrect because, if the receptors were internalized,
dopamine could not be pharmacologically active. Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the
outside, not inside, of neurons. correct answers Researchers hypothesized that cocaine is
pharmacologically active in the primate fetal brain when pregnant primates are administered
cocaine at doses typically used by human drug users. Which experimental observation best
supports their hypothesis?
Glucose metabolism in the fetal brain increased.
Imaging studies showed that cocaine entered the fetal circulation.
, The fetus had an increase in tolerance to pain
.
Imaging studies showed increased
internalization of dopamine receptors
The schedule unambiguously informs the subject which behavior is correct.
because first the correct response must be unambiguously made known to the subject, generally
through a shaping procedure. Thereafter, if every correct response is reinforced, other (incorrect)
responses are infrequent and the behavior gains strength and learning results. correct answers
Which statement best explains why continuous reinforcement is best for the beginning of the
acquisition phase of operant conditioning?
The schedule unambiguously informs the subject which behavior is correct.
The schedule is best matched for the motivational state of the subject.
This leads to the greatest accumulation of reinforcements, hence the greatest pleasure.
It gives subjects little time for incorrect responses.
instinctual drift
because instinctual drift is the phenomenon whereby established habits, learned using operant
techniques, eventually are replaced by innate food-related behaviors. So the learned behavior
"drifts" to the organism's species-specific (instinctual) behavior. correct answers Which
phenomenon will an animal trainer most likely try to avoid when training a rabbit for a television
commercial?
Operant extinction correct answers refers to the gradual decrease in the response rate of a
behavior learned via reinforcement. Let's say a lab rat is rewarded with food every time it presses
a lever. This conditioning will increase the probability that the rat will press the lever. But if the
researchers then stop giving the rat food after it presses the lever, the rat will eventually stop
pressing the lever because it no longer produces a desirable effect. In this way, the rat's lever-
pressing behavior undergoes extinction (goes away).
Instinctual drift correct answers is the tendency of an animal, of any species, to revert to
unconscious and automatic behaviour that interferes with operant conditioning and the learned
responses that come with it.
, Stimulus generalization correct answers is the tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke
similar responses after the response has been conditioned.
discrimination
like seeing a stop sign and thinking believing it should be red.
Partial reinforcement correct answers reinforced at certain intervals or ratio of time, instead of
reinforcing the behavior every single time
the serial-position effect.
because items from the primacy and recency portions of the list have been recalled, but not the
middle items. Together, the primacy and recency effects comprise the serial position effect.
correct answers A person has left his shopping list in the car, but decides not to go back for it
because he is confident that he has the list memorized. Upon returning home, he realizes that he
remembered most of the items from the beginning and end of the list, but forgot many items
from the middle of the list. This outcome illustrates:
hindsight bias. correct answers tendency to believe after learning an outcome, that one would
have foreseen it. "I knew it all along"
the serial-position effect. correct answers The tendency to recall earlier words is called the
primacy effect; the tendency to recall the later words is called the recency effect.
chunking. correct answers group together (connected items or words) so that they can be stored
or processed as single concepts
decay theory correct answers proposes that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with
time
ability to retrieve general information.
because the capacity for retrieving general information (i.e., semantic memory, crystallized
intelligence) is unaffected by aging. correct answers Research on cognitive aging has
demonstrated that, in general, aging does NOT diminish a person's:
Episodic
because episodic information consists of the declarative information people have of specific
experiences correct answers Participants who reported personal memories about particular songs
were retrieving which type of information?
episodic memory correct answers person's unique memory of a specific event, so it will be
different from someone else's recollection of the same experience
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