How many oceans exist on earth? What are they? correct answers 4 (+1) Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, Antarctic
Which ocean is the deepest? correct answers Pacific - Mariana Trench (11,022 meters)
What defines a sea (versus an ocean)? correct answers Seas are smaller, shallower, salt water...
Oceanography Midterm || Already Passed.
How many oceans exist on earth? What are they? correct answers 4 (+1) Atlantic, Pacific,
Indian, Arctic, Antarctic
Which ocean is the deepest? correct answers Pacific - Mariana Trench (11,022 meters)
What defines a sea (versus an ocean)? correct answers Seas are smaller, shallower, salt water,
connected to the world ocean directly, somewhat enclosed by land
Continents vs. Oceans - which are deeper/higher? correct answers The largest mountains on
Earth aren't nearly as high as the deepest parts of the ocean are depth.
Who estimated the circumference of the earth very accurately in Greece? correct answers
Erastothenes
When was the Age of Discovery correct answers 1492 - 1522
Can you reach absolute truth through science? Why not? correct answers No because we can't be
sure of observations, although many theories are taken as almost-fact.
What is the nebular hypothesis? correct answers It explains the creation of our solar system. It
says that it was formed from a nebula of space dust and gas that had competing contracting and
expanding forces that caused mass to concentrate and create protoplanets, like protoearth.
How did protoearth differ from Earth today? correct answers It was larger, homogenous and
there was no life or oceans.
How did the shift from protoearth to earth occur? What role did the sun play? correct answers
The sun had a fusion reaction which caused solar winds to sweep away the rest of the nebulous
gasses, dissolve the hydrogen/helium atmosphere, shrink protoearth's size and caused
stratification and radioactivity.
What is density? correct answers Mass per unit volume or "how heavy something is for its
weight" D = M/V
What is density stratification? correct answers Because the earth was so hot, it became molten
and the earth segregated in layers according to density with the highest-density materials sinking
to the core and layers forming around the core with lighter and lighter density.
What are the layers of the earth, classified chemically? correct answers Core, mantle, crust
What are the materials that make up the core, mantle and crust? correct answers Core - very high
density iron and nickel and other metals
Mantle - high-density iron and magnesium silicate rock
Crust - silicate materials (silicon and oxygen)
, What are the physical layers of the earth? correct answers Lithosphere, asthenosphere,
mesosphere, outer core, inner core
Describe the lithosphere. correct answers Earth's cool, rigid outermost layer. Contains the crust
and upper mantle. Brittle and will fracture. The crust and upper mantle essentially act as one and
move together.
Describe the asthenosphere. correct answers Plastic, slow-moving. Contains the base of the
upper mantle. Hot enough to partially melt rock.
Describe the mesosphere. correct answers Rigid, does not move. Middle to lower mantle. Higher
depth prevents flow.
Describe the outer and inner core. correct answers The outer core is flowing while the inner core
has too much pressure to flow and is very rigid.
Continental vs. oceanic crust - discuss density and material correct answers Oceanic - basalt,
underlines ocean basins, dark in color and high density
Continental - granite, lower density
formation of oceanic (basalt) vs. formation of continental (granite) correct answers Both igneous
but basalt is formed from magma eruptions that comes up during underwater seafloor eruptions,
whereas granite is formed when magma cools and hardens within earth's crust.
What is viscosity? What is a (non-earth) example of something with high-viscosity? correct
answers It is a substance's resistance to flow. An example would be honey or molasses.
What is isostatic adjustment? Isostatic rebound? correct answers Isostatic adjustment is the
vertical movement of the crust. Isostatic rebound is the rising of crust post-ice age due to the
viscosity and buoyant nature of the crust.
How many stages of atmosphere did Earth go through? What are these stages called? correct
answers 3. Initial, early and second atmosphere.
What is outgassing? correct answers From the early to the second atmosphere, the lightest gases
rose and were expelled from the atmosphere.
What does the atmosphere and outgassing have to do with the creation of oceans on earth?
correct answers The outgassed materials (mostly water vapor) condensed and fell to earth,
creating our oceans.
How did ocean salinity come about? correct answers The condensed water vapor/rain that fell
from the outgassing process was much more acidic than rain today and dissolved a lot of
elements and compounds and carried them to the ocean.
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