This is a comprehensive and detailed study guide on Exam 2 for Bio 182 that covers key chapters for this course which includes chapters 10, 29, 30, 35, 36, 37, 38, and 39.
BIO-182 Exam 2 Study Guide
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Chapter 29 ± Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land
x Describe in detail the five derived traits of land plants:
o alternation of generations ± sporophyte versus gametophyte
Life cycle alternates between multicellular gametophyte and sporophyte
Each generation gives rise to the other
Gametophyte
Gamete-producing plant
Multicellular haploid
Produces gametes by mitosis that fuse during fertilization
Sporophyte
Spore-producing plant
Multicellular diploid
Undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores (reproductive cells that can undergo mitotic
division and develop into gametophyte without fusing with another cell)
o multicellular/dependent embryos ± placental transfer cells
Zygotes retained in female gametophyte
Parental tissue protects developing embryo from harsh environmental conditions and
provides nutrients such as sugars and amino acids
Embryo has specialized placental transfer cells
Enhances transfer of nutrients to the embryo through elaborate ingrowths of the wall
surface (plasma membrane and cell wall)
Embryophyte is another term for plants because of the dependency of the embryo on the parent
o walled spores produced in sporangia ± sporangia versus sporocytes
Plant spores produced by meiosis
Haploid reproductive cells that can grow into multicellular haploid gametophytes by mitosis
Walls made of sporopollenin (allows spores to be dispersed through dry air)
Sporangia are multicellular organs of sporophytes that produce spores
Diploid sporocytes (mother spores) within sporangium undergo meiosis to produce
haploid spores
Outer tissue of sporangium protects developing spores until they are released into the air
Charophytes also produce spores, but they lack multicellular sporangia and are flagellated,
water-dispersed, and lack sporopollenin
o multicellular gametangia ± gametangia, antheridia, archegonia
Gametangia are multicellular organs on gametophytes that produce gametes
Archegonia are female gametangia
Egg is fertilized in archegonium
Antheridia are male gametangia
Produce sperm and releases them into environment
Some sperm are flagellated and swim to the eggs through water droplets
, o Apical meristems
Regions at growing tips of the plant where one or more cells divide repeatedly
Cells differentiate into outer epidermis to protect body and various types of internal
tissues
Generate leaves in most plants
x Define these terms: sporopollenin, cuticle, stomata
Sporopollenin: durable polymer that covers exposed zygotes of charophyte algae and forms the
walls of plants pores, preventing them from drying out or helping them become resistant
to harsh environments
Cuticle: epidermal covering made of wax and other polymers
Acts as water proofing to prevent desiccation
Some protection against microbial attack
Conserves water
Stomata: specialized pores that allow for the uptake of air (CO2)
Support photosynthesis by allowing exchange of CO2 and O2
Main pathways of water evaporation (close in response to hot, dry conditions)
Characterize the following plant groups, include information about the life cycle, noting which
generation is dominant:
o Nonvascular plants (bryophytes): protonema, gametophore, rhizoids, foot, seta,
capsule, and peristome
Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses
o Seedless vascular plants ± tracheid, lignin, phloem, microphylls, megaphylls, sori,
homosporous sporophylls, heterosporous sporophylls, megaspores, microspores
Lycophytes ± club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts
Monilophytes ± ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns
Understand the ecological/economic importance of mosses and seedless vascular plants.
Informal grouping off plants based on vascular tissue
Vascular tissue: cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the body
Vascular plants: plants that have a complex vascular tissue system
Seedless
Clades
Lycophytes (club mosses and relatives
Monilophytes (ferns and relatives
NOT a monophyletic group
Seed
Seed is an embryo packaged with a supply of nutrients inside a protective coat
GYMNOSPERMS (naked seed) have seeds not enclosed in chambers
ANGIOSPERMS (all flowering plants) have seeds that develop inside chambers
that originate within flowers
Nonvascular plants (bryophytes)
Plants that do not have an extensive transport system
NOT a monophyletic group
Bryophyte phyla
Three phyla:
Liverworts (phylum Hepatophyta)
Mosses (phylum Bryophyta)
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