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ASU BIO 182 EXAM 2 - Cala Questions and Answers
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ASU BIO 182 EXAM 2 - Cala
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ASU BIO 182 EXAM 2 - CalaWhat is Autosomal Dominant Inheritance? - answer- Dominant Allele
- Males and females likely to inherit trait.
- "Dominant"- having at least one allele is all it takes
What is Autosomal Recessive Inheritance? - answer- Recessive Allele
- Males and Females equally affected
- Needs both alleles to be recessive to have trait
- Having only one makes person a "carrier," no expression
How do bad alleles happen? - answer- Mutations, change the genomic sequences
- Mutation can, have no effect, create a different product, prevent gene from functioning
- Not all mutations are "bad"
What are Somatic Mutations? - answer Mutations not transferred to next generation
Example: Cancer
When can mutations affect descending generations? - answerIf mutations occur in cells
that become gametes (in Meiosis), mutations can be passed to next generation
What can cause mutations? - answerRadiation, Viruses, Chemicals, or errors during
Meiosis or DNA replication
Homozygous parentals with different traits - answerPhenotype dominant X Recessive
What is a Monohybrid Cross? - answerCrossed F1 X F1
What is Backcross? - answerCrossed F1 back to recessive parental
What is Probability? - answerUsed when more than two traits
0 = 0% & Event will not happen
1 = 100% & Event will happen
The sum of the probabilities of all possible outcomes of an event must be 1
"and" --->Multiply
"or"----> Add
Genetic Example 1:
,Mendel crossed two heterozygous smooth-, yellow-seeded F1 plants. What's the
probability that the offspring was smooth-, green-seeded? - answer- Probability that it's
smooth = 3/4
- Probability that it's green = 1/4
- Probability that it's smooth and green =
3/ 4 x 1/4 = 3/16
Genetic Example 2:
What's the probability of obtaining a wrinkled-, green- seeded, tall, purple-flowered
offspring from a self-cross of heterozygous round-seeded, yellow-seeded, tall, purple-
flowered F1 pea plants? - answerAaBbCcDd×AaBbCcDd
- Probability that it's wrinkled (aa) = 1/4
- Probability that it's green (bb) = 1/4
- Probability that it's tall (CC or Cc) = 3/4
- Probability that it's purple (DD or Dd) = 3/4
- Probability that it's wrinkled, green, tall, purple =
3/4 x 3/4 x 1/4 x 1/4 = 9/256
Genetic Example 3: - answer
Probability Example 1:
Joe and Amy plan to have two children. Whats the probability that the first is a boy and
the second is a girl? - answer-0.5 x 0.5 = 0.25
Probability Example 2:
What's the probability of having a family with all girl children, assuming the family has 5
children? - answer- 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 = (0.5)5 = 0.03125
What is Co-Dominance? - answerTwo alleles both affect the phenotype in separate,
distinguishable ways
I^A: Dominant
I^B: Dominant
I^A and I^B: C0-Dominant
i: recessive
How do blood types work?
Type A - answerType A glycoprotein on blood cell ONLY
How do blood types work?
Type B - answerType B glycoprotein on blood cell ONLY
How do blood types work?
O - answerNo recognizable glycoprotein from this group on blood cell
How do blood types work?
, AB - answerBoth A and B glycoproteins
What are Glycoproteins? - answer- Are proteins
- If you don't normally have it and you get blood with it, your body's own antibodies will
attack it as foreign
Rh +/- - answerAdditional blood system describing many antigens on the blood cells
Rh positive (Rh+):
Blood cells have D antigen
Rh negative (Rh-):
Blood cells do not have D antigen
Founders of Linkage - answerMendel (1865): OG
Thomas Hunt Morgan: Added to Mendels idea w/ Chromosome Theory
Morgan's Model organism was the fruit fly
Drosophila melanogaster
Linkage - answer- According to Mendel's law of independent assortment, alleles for
different characterisics always assort independently (H0)
- Morgan looked at two traits:
Body color (gray dominant) and wing shape (large wings dominant)
- Morgan also discovered that even if genes are linked, they are not always inherited
together
Genetic Recombination: Absolute Linkage - answerRare- genes at different loci on the
same chromosome do sometimes separate
-Genes may recombine during prophase 1 of Meiosis by crossing over.
-Chromosomes exchange corresponding segments. The exchange involves two
chromatids ir the tetrad; both chromatids become recombinant
Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene - answerSame gene, just slightly different alleles
Produces pheomelanin more than euomelanin
Genetic Recombination - answerRecombinant offspring phenotypes (non-parental)
appear in recombinant frequencies: Divide # of recombinant offspring by total # of
offspring
- Frequencies are greater for loci that are further apart
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