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AC-HPAT Biology Exam/120 Questions and Answers 2024
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AC-HPAT Biology Exam/120 Questionsand Answers 2024
Macromolecules - -A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller
molecules
-passive transport - -the movement of substances across a cell membrane
without the use of energy by the cell (diffusion)
-active transport - -Energy-requiring process that moves material across a
cell membrane against a concentration difference
-catalyst - -substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
-fluid mosaic model - -model that describes the arrangement and
movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane
-Effect of qualitative factors on rate of diffusion of molecules across a
plasma membrane? - -The higher the temperature, the more kinetic energy
the particles will have, so they will move and mix more quickly.
-Structure and function of carbohydrate - -sugars and starches that the
body uses for energy. Consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Typically in
a 1:2:1 ratio
-What are the tree main types of carbohydrates - -1. Monosaccharides -
simple sugars ( ie glucose, 6 carbon, fructose and galactose) 2.
Disaccharides which are double sugars ( ie sucrose, maltose, lactose)
(consist of two monosaccharides bonded together through a dehydration
synthesis reaction [ results in loss of water molecule] ) 3. Polysaccharides
which are complex sugars ( many monosaccharides bonded together)
( starch, glycogen, and cellulose)
-Structure and function of protein - -made from many amino acids
connected together in different arrangements, provide the building materials
your body needs to grow and repair itself
-Enzymes - -Proteins that speed up chemical reactions ( act as catalysts)
-Structure and function of Lipids - -Store energy. Consist mainly of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen. Do not dissolve in water, because they are non polar
( electrons are shared equally in the molecule )
-Fatty acids containing no double bonds are saturated.
, -Fatty acids containing one double bond are mono-unsaturated.
-Fatty acids containing two or more double bonds are polyunsaturated.
-Fats provide approximately 9 kcal/g.
-Lysosomes - -An organelle containing digestive enzymes. Destroy
pathogens (white blood cells)
-Vacuoles - -Stores food, water, wastes, and other materials
-Mitochondria - -Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP
(energy) production. Cellular respiration's occurs here
-cell / plasma membrane - -A cell structure that controls which substances
can enter or leave the cell.
-Ribosomes - -site of protein synthesis
-Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - -System of internal membranes within the
cytoplasm. Next to the nucleus & continuous with the nuclear envelope.
Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes. Produce proteins
and fold them into three dimensional shape.( some are used in ER and other
are used in other part of cell) before transporting them using vesicles.
-Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - -An endomembrane system where lipids
and carbohydrates are synthesized as well as hormones and cholesterol,
calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down ( detox
occurs) .
-Golgie bodies/apparatus - -1. Receives vesicles and modifies proteins
2. Adds lipids and carbs
3. Responsible for protein exportation
-cellular respiration formula - -C6H12O6 + 6O2 ------> 6CO2 + 6H20 +
Energy (ATP)
-What is cellular respiration? - -Complicated process that releases energy
from food in the presence of oxygen
-Three stages of cellular respiration - -glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron
transport chain
-Glycolysis - -the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and
pyruvic acid.
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