Test Bank - Applied Pathophysiology-A Conceptual Approach, 4th Edition (Nath, 9781975179199), Chapter 1-20 | Rationals Included
Test Bank - Applied Pathophysiology-A Conceptual Approach, 4th Edition (Nath, 9781975179199), Chapter 1-20 | Rationals Included
Test Bank For Applied Pathophysiology: A Conceptual Approach Fourth Edition 2024 By Judi Nath , Carie Braun , Cindy Anderson/GRADED A+ /SUCCESS IS KEY
All for this textbook (21)
Written for
Applied Pathophysiology-A Conceptual A
All documents for this subject (3)
Seller
Follow
phinta004
Reviews received
Content preview
Test Bank - Applied Pathophysiology-A Conceptual Approach,
4th Edition (Nath, 9781975179199), Chapter 1-20 | Rationals
Included
What is the difference between pathophysiology and pathology? - ANSWER: Pathophysiology: the
study of the functional bodily changes that occur as a result of an injury, disorder, or disease (the
mechanisms of disease)
Pathology: the study of changes in cells and tissues as a result of injury or disease (studying a disease)
What is a syndrome? - ANSWER: a specific condition with a recognizable, predictable pattern
Define pathogenesis. - ANSWER: the disease beginning; when the disease process begins until
symptom onset (chemically, genetically, any mechanisms up until when the disease is recognized)
Think: Pathogenesis and disease Process begin with a "P"
What does nosocomial mean? iatrogenic? - ANSWER: hospital acquired infection (contracting COVID
in the hospital); infection as a result of treatment (e.g. urinary catheter infection)
what is the time when a disease is active and flaring? - ANSWER: exacerbation
what is a prodrome? - ANSWER: the period in the lifespan of an infectious disease where it's unclear
what the disease is, given the symptoms (patient presents symptoms of achiness and lethargy;
nonspecific)
What is etiology? What is it termed when the cause of disease is unknown? - ANSWER: the precise
cause of disease; idiopathic
What is the difference between risk factors and precipitating factors? - ANSWER: Risk factors:
vulnerabilities (elevated BP increasing risk for heart attack)
Precipitating factors: triggers that promote the onset of clinical manifestations (dust triggering
asthma)
What is the difference between objective and subjective clinical manifestations? - ANSWER: objective:
seen and measured by practitioner (signs)
subjective: not directly observable by practitioner (symptoms)
What is the difference between acute and chronic? - ANSWER: acute: begin abruptly and last a few
days to few months
chronic: gradual (insidious) onset and lasting longer than 6 months
what is the difference between diagnosis and prognosis? - ANSWER: diagnosis is a label (colon cancer)
while prognosis is a prediction of how the individual will proceed through the disease (predicting
patient will live 15 more years)
What is the difference between morbidity and mortality? - ANSWER: morbidity: negative outcome
with disease complications that impact the quality of life
,mortality: death
What are the advantages of studying epidemiology? - ANSWER: where, who, why, how
1. recognizing where disease is most widespread
2. recognizing who's most affected by the disease
3. discovering why disease is presenting in a certain population
4. discovering how to reduce spread or eradicate disease
What is the difference between incidence and prevalence? - ANSWER: Incidence: the rate of
occurrence of a disease at any given time (what is the probability of someone DEVELOPING a
disease?)
Prevalence: the number of people that is affected by a disease at a specific time (what are the current
DEMOGRAPHICS of a disease?)
think: INcidence = 1 IN 1000
What is the difference between endemic, epidemic, and pandemic? - ANSWER: endemic: the
incidence and prevalence of a disease are predictable and stable
epidemic: a dramatic increase in disease incidence
pandemic: when an epidemic spreads across continents
What are potential causes of atrophy? Hypertrophy? Hyperplasia? - ANSWER: Atrophy: decrease in
functional demand of a cell, lack of muscle movement, ischemia (decreased oxygen supply to cell),
removal of hormonal or neural signals contributing to cell growth or muscle use
hypertrophy and hyperplasia: increase in growth/trophic signals, increased demand/exercise, increase
in demand of lymph tissue filtering (adenoid hypertrophy)
what is atrophy? hypertrophy? hyperplasia? - ANSWER: atrophy: decrease in cell size
hypertrophy: increase in cell size
hyperplasia: increase in cell number
What is the difference between metaplasia and dysplasia? - ANSWER: metaplasia: is the changing of
one cell type to another cell type
dysplasia: the actual change in cell size, shape, uniformity, structure, arrangement
Think: metaplasia is the change to different cell types, dysplasia refers to general change of a single
cell
What is apoptosis and how is it regulated? - ANSWER: apoptosis: REGULATED cell death; regulated by
enzymatic reactions in the cell
What is necrosis and what happens to cellular structures? - ANSWER: necrosis: cell death related to
cell injury (associated with inflammation); the structures swell and rupture of cell membrane
What are causes of cell injury and death? - ANSWER: TIPS
, What is cerebral atrophy and what are its etiologies? - ANSWER: reduction in cerebrum size; caused
by decreased physical and intellectual activities, deficit injury, mechanical injury
What is the pathophysiologic pathway that occurs in cerebral atrophy? - ANSWER: lack of brain
perfusion increases risk for deficit injuries --> neurotoxic injury --> destruction of neurons --> loss of
NT production --> atrophy in neurons because lack of stimulation
essentially, your brain isn't being stimulated to grow
What are the clinical manifestations of cerebral atrophy? - ANSWER: focal (localized to particular
region) or global (entire brain); characterized by cognitive impairment (damage to temporal and
frontal lobes), movement disorders (basal ganglia damage), etc.
How do you diagnose cerebral atrophy? - ANSWER: identifying signs and symptoms, often from other
observers first; PET, SPECT, CT, MRI scans
What is cardiac hypertrophy and what are its etiologies? - ANSWER: cardiac muscle disease resulting
from excessive workload and functional demand; no specifically known cause besides a genetic trait
What is the pathophysiologic pathway that occurs in cardiac hypertrophy? - ANSWER: increased
pressure in pulmonary or systemic circulation --> hypertrophy of ventricles --> lower contraction
efficiency and smaller chamber --> lower cardiac output
What are the clinical manifestations of cardiac hypertrophy? - ANSWER: shortness of breath, syncope
(fainting), angina
How do you diagnose cardiac hypertrophy? - ANSWER: genetic testing, EKG, echocardiogram, stress
test
What is acromegaly and what are its etiologies? - ANSWER: condition of hyperplasia (increase in cell
number) prompted by excessive growth hormone stimulation/hyperpituitarism and IGF
What is the pathophysiologic pathway that occurs in acromegaly? - ANSWER: (with failure of negative
feedback loop), somatostatin doesn't do its job (inhibitory effect on pituitary) --> hypothalamus
secretes only GHRH --> proliferation --> IGF stimulation --> excessive growth
*Hypothalamus usually releases GHRH (promoting growth hormone) and somatostatin (inhibiting
growth hormone)
What are the clinical manifestations of acromegaly? - ANSWER: soft tissue swelling, enlarged hands
and feet, altered facial features and reproductive functioning, deep voice, pain and numbness in
hands
How do you diagnose acromegaly? - ANSWER: elevated levels of IGF and growth hormone in blood
what cell type comprises the endocervix? ectocervix? what is the location where these two cell types
merge? - ANSWER: columnar epithelium; squamous epithelium; transformation zone
What is cervical metaplasia/dysplasia and what are its etiologies? - ANSWER: changing of cell
structure in the transformation zone of cervix; epithelial cells can be injured by infection, irritation,
trauma and are characterized by abnormal growth/disordered differentiation
What is the pathophysiologic pathway that occurs in cervical metaplasia/dysplasia? - ANSWER:
infection, irritation, trauma --> alterations in chromatin (genetic material of DNA) --> abnormal
differentiation
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller phinta004. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $17.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
