Biology 114 Exam 2 Prep (Answered) 208
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metabolism
totality of chemical reactions that occur is living organisms
metabolic pathway begins with________ and ends with __________
starting molecule, product
each step of a metabolic pathway is catalyzed by an
enzyme
a catalyst is a substance that
speeds up the chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction
the majority of known enzymes are
proteins
two types of metabolic pathways
catabolic and anabolic
catabolic
releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds
anabolic
consumes energy to build complex molecules from simple ones
thermodynamics is the study of
energy transformations
first law of thermodynamics
energy cannot be created or destroyed only transferred
second law of thermodynamics
energy transfer increases the entropy (disorder) in the universe
in an open system, energy can be transferred between...
the system and its surroundings
,living organisms are _____ that lose a lot of energy through heat
open systems
free energy (G) is the
energy that is available to perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform (measure of
stability)
processes with a negative free energy...
release energy
Enthalpy (delta H)
change in total heat content of system
entropy (delta S)
change in disorder of a system
equilibrium is a state of
maximim stability
exergonic
net release of free energy (-)
endergonic
absorbs free energy (+)
three main types of work
chemical. mechanical, transport
energy coupling
using an exergonic reaction to drive and endergonic one
ATP structure
adenine nitrogenous base, ribose sugar, 3 phosphate groups
bonds between phosphate groups of ATP's tail are broken by
hydrolysis
ATP can drive an endergonic reaction by
phosphorylation (addition of a phosphate group)
ATP is a renewable resource that is regenerated by
adding a phosphate group to ADP
, The energy to phosphorylate ADP comes from
catabolic reactions
enzymes catalyze reactions by
lowering the activation energy
the reactant that the enzyme works on is called a
substrate
the enzyme binding to a substrate forms a
enzyme-substrate complex
the active site is
the region on the enzyme that the substrate binds to
the active site can lower the activation energy by:
1) orienting/positioning substrate correctly
2)straining substrate bond
3) providing a favorable microenvironment
4) covalently bonding to the substrate
an enzyme's activity can be affected by
temperature, pH, and chemicals
cofactor
non-protein compound that is bound to an enzyme and required for an enzyme to catalyze a biochemical
reaction
an organic cofactor is called a
coenzyme
competitive inhibitors
bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate for binding
noncompetitive inhibitors
bind to another part of the enzyme causing it to undergo a shape change reducing its ability to catalyze a
reaction
allosteric regulation
occurs when a regulatory molecule binds to a protein at one site and affects the protein's function of
another site
cooperativity
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