Biology 114 Exam 2 (Answered) 169 Questions and
Correct Answers| With Complete Verified Solution,
100% Correct. Latest Updated Fall 2024/2025.
Metabolism
Biological Chemical reactions. The totality of an organism's chemical reaction.
The Concept of Free Energy
Free energy is the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when the temperature and
pressure are uniform throughout the system, as in a living cell.
∆G
the change in free energy. We can use it to predict whether the process will be spontaneous.
Exergonic
"energy outward" An ergonomic reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy. ∆G is negative,
these occur spontaneously.
Endergonic
A reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings. This type of reaction stores energy in
molecules. ∆G is positive, these are nonspontaenous.
Enzymes
Macromolecules that act like a catalyst in order to speed of the rate of a reaction without being
consumed by the reaction.
What happens without enzymes?
metabolic pathways would become clustered.
Activation Energy
The amount of energy needed to start a reaction.
How is activation energy supplied?
In the form of heat.
How does activation energy relate to the role of enzymes?
Activation energy provides a barrier that determines the rate of the reaction.
How do cells get the necessary energy to drive non spontaneous reactions?
An example would be plants get the required energy from the environment around them like the sun
and turning it into chemical reaction. Next is a series of exergonic steps to form a glucose modle.
, How do enzymes lower E_a?
By making it possible for a cell to have a dynamic metabolism, routing chemicals smoothly through cells
metabolic pathways. They also determine which chemical processes will be going on in a cell.
How do enzymes function?
They bind to a substrate forming an enzyme substrate complex.
What factors influence enzyme activity?
Environmental conditions, cofactors, and enzyme inhibitors
Competitive Inhibitors:
Reduces the productivity go enzymes by blocking substrates from entering active sites.
Non-competitive Inhibitors:
These do not directly compete with the substrate to bing to the enzyme at the active site. This inhibitor
causes enzymes to change shape.
Allosteric Regulation:
Describes any cause in which a protein's function at one site is affected by the binding of a molecule to a
separate site.
Positive Allosteric Regulation:
Binding of an activator to a regulatory site which stabilizes the shape that has functional active sites.
Negative Allosteric Regulation:
Binding of an inhibitor, which stabilizes the inactive form of the enzyme.
Feedback Inhibition:
When ATP inhibits an enzyme in and ATP generating pathway the result is feedback inhibition.
What is feedback inhibition. common control of?
Metabolic control
What does feedback inhibition prevent?
The cell from wasting chemical resources.
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
ATP synthesis that is powered by the transfer of electrons from glucose to oxygen.
How is glycolysis linked to the citric acid cycle?
They are both major intersections of a cell's catabolic and anabolic pathways.
Where in cellular respiration is glucose oxidized to CO2?
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