Exam (elaborations)
NUR968 The Internal Environment - The Cell & Its Functions -Transport Through Cell Membranes
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NUR968 The Internal Environment - TheCell & Its Functions -Transport Through
Cell Membranes
How much does INTRACELLULAR fluid account for of total body water
(TBW)? - ANSWER 2/3 (distributed within the cell)
How much does EXTRACELLULAR fluid account for of total body water
(TBW)? - ANSWER 1/3 (distributed outside the cell)
What makes up extracellular fluid? (2) - ANSWER 1. Interstitial fluid
2. Intravascular fluid
a. __: fluid distributed within the cell
b. __: fluid that is outside of the cell
c. __: fluid in the blood vessels - ANSWER a. Intracellular
b. Interstitial
c. Intravascular
What is the actual "internal environment?" - ANSWER Extracellular fluid
-The "bath water" that surrounds the cells & contains nutrients & ions
needed to maintain cell life
True or false: Ions & fluids are distributed differently between compartments
- ANSWER True
For cells to live, they must be suspended in an environment that supports
,life. How much of the ADULT human body is comprised of water?*** -
ANSWER 60% (2/3)
-Even greater water % in children
Where does the water outside the cell reside? (2) - ANSWER 1. Interstitial
fluid
2. Intravascular fluid
Which part of the internal environment can we directly manipulate in
anesthesia? - ANSWER Intravascular component
True or false: The extracellular fluid is in constant motion throughout the
body & between compartments - ANSWER True
What's critical to note about ion & water concentration while the
extracellular fluid is in motion & moves between compartments? - ANSWER
Ion & water concentration distributes differently between the compartments
True or false: There are large differences between intra- & extracellular ion
concentrations. If these concentrations are not maintained, cellular enzymatic
functions, metabolism, cell growth, cell reproduction, cell communication, &
neuron & muscle function is thrown off - ANSWER True
Which ions are predominately intracellular? (4)*** - ANSWER 1. Potassium
2. Magnesium
3. Proteins
4. Amino acids
Which ions are predominately extracellular? (4)*** - ANSWER 1. Sodium
,2. Chloride
3. Calcium
4. Glucose
What is the normal intracellular pH? Normal extracellular pH? - ANSWER
Intra - 7.0 (more acidotic)
Extra - 7.4
What is the maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal
environment?*** - ANSWER Homeostasis
-All organs & tissues perform functions that help maintain this
-The human body functions optimally within a tightly defined environment
-Deviation from that defined environment results in poor cellular function,
organ function, & body function
What are some examples of how organ systems work together to maintain
homeostasis? - ANSWER 1. Skin - temperature control & acts as a barrier to
harmful chemicals, bacteria, & viruses
2. Kidneys - maintain pH balance, ion concentration, fluid balance, drug
excretion & hormone release, BP regulator via RAAS
3. Lungs - maintain pH balance, bring O2 in, CO2 elimination, conversion site
for some hormones such as angiotensin II, protect the heart anatomically
4. GI - absorb nutrients, eliminate wastes
5. Liver - change composition of nutrients to a form the body can use,
, metabolizes toxins & excretes through bile, produces clotting factors
6. MSK - allows us to eat, escape from danger
7. Nervous system - sensory input, memory storage, autonomic nervous
system controls a lot of the internal organs subconsciously
8. Hormones - insulin regulation, thyroid hormone speeds up chemical
reactions
9. Immune - destroys foreign cells
10. Reproductive - generates new life
What 2 mechanisms control the body's environment? - ANSWER 1. Negative
feedback
2. Positive feedback
What is the effect of a negative feedback mechanism? - ANSWER The effect
is less of a factor or shutting down of a tracked factor; stops something
-Usually good
-See lecture examples
What is the effect of a positive feedback mechanism? - ANSWER The effect is
that more of the same factor is produced
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