NR 546 / NR546 Actual Final Exam Guide 2024 Prediction questions (All correct answers, Already graded A)
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NR546
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NR546
NR 546 / NR546 Actual Final Exam Guide 2024 Prediction questions (All correct answers, Already graded A)
Bipolar disorder (BD)
Chronic condition characterized by extreme fluctuations in mood, energy, and ability to function
-Moods may be manic, hypomanic, or depressed and may include mixed moo...
NR 546 / NR546 Actual Final Exam
Guide 2024 Prediction questions (All
correct answers, Already graded A)
Bipolar disorder (BD)
Chronic condition characterized by extreme fluctuations in mood, energy, and ability to function
-Moods may be manic, hypomanic, or depressed and may include mixed mood or psychotic
features
-many have only experienced only one manic episode in their lifetime
-Mood fluctuations may be separated by periods of high stability or may cycle rapidly
-diagnosed when a client has one or more episodes of mania or hypomania with a history of one
or more major depressive episodes
-high risk for suicide
Mania
Characterized by a persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood. Related symptoms may
include inflated self-esteem, increased goal-directed activity or energy, including grandiosity,
decreased need for sleep, excessive talkativeness, racing thoughts, flight of ideas (FOI),
distractibility, psychomotor agitation, and a propensity to be involved in high-risk activities.
Mania leads to significant functional impairment and may include psychotic features or
necessitate hospitalization
Bipolar Type I:
Requires at least one episode of mania for at least one week (or any duration if hospitalization
due to symptoms is required)
,Bipolar Type II:
Diagnosis requires a current or past hypomanic episode and a current or past major depressive
episode. Symptoms last for at least 4 days but fewer than seven.
-Hypomanic symptoms are not of sufficient duration or severity to cause significant functional
impairment, psychosis, or hospitalization.
-Anger and irritability are common.
-Clients often enjoy the elevation of mood and are reluctant to report these symptoms, making
bipolar more difficult to diagnose if the client presents in the depression phase.
Cyclothymic:
Involves the chronic presentation of hypomanic and depressive symptoms that do not meet the
diagnostic criteria for a major depressive or manic/hypomanic episode.
If bipolar depression is mistaken for MDD:
Antidepressant therapy may precipitate a manic episode or induce rapid-cycling bipolar
depression
-may contribute to the increased incidence of death by suicide in children and adults younger
than 25
Antidepressants are used cautiously in clients with bipolar disorder and never as
________________.
Monotherapy
-Antidepressants should be combined with a mood stabilizer to prevent the onset of a
hypomanic or manic episode
DA, NE Dysfunction causes what mood related symptoms
Decreased positive affect:
Depressed mood
,Loss of joy
Lack of interest
Loss of energy
Decreased alertness
Decreased self-confidence
Appetite changes
5HT, NE Dysfunction causes what mood related symptoms
Increased negative affect:
Depressed mood
Guilt
Fear/anxiety
Hostility
Irritability
Loneliness
Appetite changes
Monoamine hypothesis of depression
-depression occurs as a result of a deficiency of one or all three monoamine transmitters
• Serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine
-while mania may result from an excess
, SSRI's
Mechanism of action
• inhibit 5-HT reuptake
Adverse effects
-diarrhea
-headache
-weight gain
-sexual side effects
SNRI's
Mechanism of action
• inhibit 5-HT reuptake
• inhibit NE reuptake (increase energy, focus)
• increase DA in prefrontal cortex (increase cognition)
Adverse effects
-elevated blood pressure
-anxiety
-insomnia
-constipation
NDRI's
Mechanism of action
• inhibit DA reuptake (increase alertness, motivation)
• inhibit NE reuptake (increase energy)
Adverse effects
-agitation
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