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GMS 6440 Final Exam 2024/2025 Questions With Completed & verified Solutions.
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GMS 6440 Final Exam 2024/2025 Questions With Completed & verified Solutions.
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GMS 6440 FinalSkeletal System - ANS Organs: bones, cartilage, bone marrow
Function: provide support and protection, store calcium and minerals, form blood cells
Muscular System - ANS Organs: muscles, tendons
Function: provide movement, support and protect, generate heat and maintain body temperate
Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth Muscle - ANS Skeletal - contractile proteins form alternating patterns
of light and dark (striations). Voluntary movement.
Cardiac - involuntary. Rich in capillaries, connective tissue supplies blood to the muscle
Smooth - involuntary. Grouped in irregular bundles, found lining internal organs.
Digestive System - ANS Organs: teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver,
gallbladder, pancreas
Function: process and digest food, absorb and conserve water, breakdown nutrients, store
energy, generate heat
How much intestinal juice is secrete and how much water is secreted into the feces? - ANS We
produce anywhere between 6.5-8L of liquid a day but only lose 100 ml/day.
Cardiovascular System - ANS Organs: heart, blood, vessels
Function: distribute nutrients and stuff, distribute heat and control body temp
Pathway of Circulatory System - ANS Deoxygenated Blood - Right Atrium - tricuspid valve -
Right Ventricle - pulmonary artery - Lungs - Oxygenated Blood - pulmonary vein - Left Atrium -
mitral valve - Left Ventricle - Aorta - artery - arteriole - capillary - venule - vein - vena cava
Respiratory System - ANS Organs: nasal cavity, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli
Function: deliver air to alveoli, provide O2 to blood, remove CO2 from blood, sound
How many lobes to the right and left lungs have? - ANS Right has 3 and the left has 2
Renal and Urinary System - ANS Organs: kidney, ureter, bladder
Function: excrete waste from blood, control water balance, storing urine, regulate blood [ ] and
pH
How much liquid do we filter a day and how much urine is usually produced? - ANS We filter
170 L/day while only producing 1.5 L of urine.
Endocrine System - ANS Organs: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands,
gonads, etc
, Function: direct long-term changes in systems, metabolic activity, development
Major hormones and their functions - ANS GH: pituitary. stimulates growth.
TH: thyroid. maintains metabolism, regulates BP, development
Cortisol: adrenal gland. Stress resistance and fat mobilization
Insulin: pancreas. Lowers blood sugar
Gastrin: stomach. Production of HCl
Erythropoietin: kidney. RBC production
Leptin: adipose. suppresses appetite.
Nervous System - ANS Organs: Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
Function: provide and interpret sensory info, coordinate activities of other systems
Female Reproductive System - ANS Organs: ovaries, uterus, vagina, mammary glands
function: produce female sex cells, support embryo, provide milk
Menstrual cycle - ANS ovulation occurs around 14 days into cycle when LH surge triggers
release of single mature egg from ovary to go through fallopian tubes to the uterus. If
unfertilized, it is discharged and endometrium is shed (menstruation).
Distribution of Major Electrolytes - ANS Na+: 10:1 outside
K+: 25:1 inside
Cl-: 5:1 outside
HCO3-: 2:1 outside
Ca2+: micromolar inside. Thousand-fold greater outside.
Organic anions: 15:1 inside
channels vs transporters - ANS channels move water or ions and electrode
transporters are solute carriers or pumps
Permeability for passive diffusion - ANS -Ions (K+, Na+, HCO-, Ca2+, Cl-) do not cross the
membrane
-hydrophobic molecules (O2, N2, CO2) pass freely
-small, uncharged, polar molecules like glycerol can move to a small extent
-large, uncharged, polar molecules like glucose and sucrose do not cross by passive diffusion
True or false: Channels only move things passively - ANS True
Parts of a channel: pore, selectivity filter, electric field sensor, gate - ANS Pore: spans the whole
membrane
Selectivity filter: allows specific charges or shapes through
Electric field sensors: sense the change in voltage or electric potential across the membrane
gate: unlocks due to ligand-receptor binding
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