EPPP Cognitive Affective Bases of Behavior
Sensation and Perception - Sensation: Detection of stimulation. - Perception: Detection and interpretation of sensory stimuli.
Attention - Attention: Global mental states and selective cognitive processes; selectively concentrating on
something. - A...
EPPP Cognitive Affective Bases of Behavior
Sensation and Perception
- Sensation: Detection of stimulation.
- Perception: Detection and interpretation of sensory stimuli.
Attention
- Attention: Global mental states and selective cognitive processes; selectively concentrating on
something.
- Attentional Blindness: Ignorance of a stimulus due to selective attention; distractor stimuli are
completely ignored when excessive focus is placed on a focal stimulus.
- Attentional Load Theory: The degree to which an ignored stimulus is processed depends on the
attentional demands of the attended stimulus; higher demands lead to greater distraction reduction.
- Attentional Control: Attention can be controlled by noticing a salient stimulus or by making conscious
decisions about where to focus attention.
Intelligence
- Intelligence: The aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, think rationally, and
deal effectively with their environment.
- g Theory of Intelligence (Spearman): Proposes a general overall intellectual ability.
- Gf - Gc Theories of Intelligence (Cattell): Distinguishes between general fluid intellectual ability (Gf) and
general crystallized intellectual ability (Gc).
- POS Model: Model of intelligence that posits the brain consists of interdependent but separate
functional systems.
- Luria’s Three-Level Theory of Higher Cortical Functions:
1. Regulation of cortical arousal and attention.
2. Processing and retention of information.
3. Programming, regulation, and verification of behavior.
- Positive Manifold: The phenomenon where scores on different intelligence tests tend to be positively
correlated.
Cognitive Processing
,- Hierarchical Processing: Processing that occurs from lower to higher brain areas.
- Functional Segregation: A separate central nervous system unit for processing each feature of a
stimulus.
- Bottom-Up Processing: Analysis beginning with sensory receptors and building up to brain integration
of sensory information.
- Top-Down Processing: Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes; perceptions
are constructed from experience and expectations.
- Parallel Perceptual Processing: The simultaneous analysis of a signal in different ways by multiple
pathways of a neural network.
- Feature Binding: The combining of visual features to form whole objects; requires directed attention.
- Optimal Estimation Theory: Interpretation of a stimulus is more influenced by prior assumptions than
current experiences.
Effects and Theories in Attention and Perception
- The Stroop Effect: Describes the difficulty in naming the color of ink used to print words when the ink's
color and the word itself are incongruent.
- Attentional Bias: The extent to which an individual is prone to focus on certain stimuli while ignoring
others based on cognitive demands.
Executive Functioning
- Executive Functioning: Cognitive processes that enable a person to engage in independent, purposeful,
self-directed, and self-serving behaviors.
Seven to nine distinct areas of mental ability (Thurstone) ✔️Theory of Primary Mental Abilities
Three-stratum model of intelligence: general ability, broad ability, and narrow ability ✔️Cattell-Horn-
Carroll Theory of Intelligence
The extent to which an assessment informs treatment recommendations. The value of an assessment in
selecting and implementing interventions and treatments that will benefit the examinee. ✔️Treatment
Validity
, Storage of information for later retrieval ✔️Learning
a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited
by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone. Tying an instinctive response to
a neutral stimulus. ✔️Classical Conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed
by a punisher. Tying an intentional response to a stimulus ✔️Operant Conditioning
Associating a stimulus with an outcome leading to a response ✔️Conditioning
Electrical measure of skin resistance ✔️Galvanic skin response (GSR)
How often a reward is presented ✔️Reinforcement Schedule
Remembering the first stimulus presented ✔️Primacy Effect
Remembering the most recent stimulus presented ✔️Recency Effect
A style of learning where the same material is presented in the same order over and over again until
there are no errors ✔️Anticipation Method
When two things are presented together in order to remember them ✔️Paired Associate Method
A form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response; occurs without obvious
reinforcers or associations ✔️Latent Learning
Theory of motivation based on needs of the person, with basic needs (e.g., sleep, safety) at the
beginning and self-actualization at the end ✔️Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
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