Gestational Diabetes Questions and
Answers
Facts and Risk Factors
✓ ~~~-Among US residents aged 65 yrs and older, 10.9 million or 26.9% had diabetes in
2012
-About 215,000 people younger than 20 yrs old had diabetes type 1 or type 2 in the
US in 2012
-About 1.9 million people aged 20 yrs or older were newly diagnosed with diabetes in
2010
-Between 2005-2008 based on FBS or HgbA1C, 35% of US adults 20 yrs of age or
older had pre-diabetes (estimated 79 million American adults)
-Obesity
-Physical inactivity
-High blood pressure
-High cholesterol
-Family history
-Polycystic ovarian syndrome
-Cardiovascular disease
-Native Americans, Asians, Hispanics, Afro-Americans and Pacific Islanders
Alpha cells
, ✓ ~~~- secrete glucagon
-assists in releasing glucose from stored glycogen
Beta cells
✓ ~~~- secrete insulin
-assists in transporting glucose across the cell membrane
Delta cells
✓ ~~~- secrete somatostatin
Insulin
✓ ~~~-Is made of 51 amino acids
-One of the smallest proteins in the body
-Synthesized by the beta cells in the pancreas
-Is controlled by the amount of glucose released in the body
Insulin's Role
✓ ~~~•In the muscle
-promotes cell membrane transport of glucose, potassium, amino acids,
phosphorous and ketones
•In adipose tissue
-inhibits lipolysis, stimulates lipogenesis and inhibits triglyceride hydrolysis
, •In the liver
-prevents release of glucose to prevent hyperglycemia
Physiologic Role of Glucose
✓ ~~~-Essential source of energy for the body's cells
-Main source of energy for the brain/neural cells
-Digestion converts carbohydrates to sugars (mainly glucose). The glucose enters
the portal circulation and stimulates the pancreas to release insulin so it may enter
the cells
Type 1
✓ ~~~- an autoimmune disease in which the body fails to produce insulin
-Most often seen in childhood or adolescence but can occur any time
Type 2
✓ ~~~- insulin resistance with a decrease in insulin production
-Most often seen in the older overweight individual
-May have insulin resistance
-May have relative insulin deficiency
-May or may not be treated with insulin
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