Biology 114 Exam 1 Questions and
Answers
Anything that has mass and takes up space
✓ ~~~matter
a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions
✓ ~~~Element
a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio
(type of bond does not matter)
✓ ~~~compound
What percent of the 92 naturally occurring elements are essential to human life?
✓ ~~~20-25%
nitrogen deficiency?
✓ ~~~short corn plants
iodine deficiency?
✓ ~~~goiter
smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element
✓ ~~~atom
How much smaller are electrons than p+ and n0?
, ✓ ~~~2000 times smaller
nucleus decays spontaneously giving off particles and energy
✓ ~~~unstable radioactive isotopes
electrons have ____ (what kind of energy)
✓ ~~~potential energy
The more distant an electron is from the nucleus the ____ its potential energy
✓ ~~~greater
1st shell max electrons?
✓ ~~~2
2nd shell max electrons?
✓ ~~~8
3rd shell max electrons?
✓ ~~~8
Electron shells are most stable when they are ____
✓ ~~~full
electrons on the outermost electron shell
✓ ~~~valence electrons (chemical behavior is determined by this)
,Elements with a full valence shell are
✓ ~~~nonreactive
How do chemical bonds form?
✓ ~~~atoms with incomplete valence shells can share or transfer electrons with other atoms
Nonpolar covalent bonds
✓ ~~~shared equally (ex. H2)
Polar covalent bonds
✓ ~~~not shared equally (ex. H2O)
ionic bonds
✓ ~~~bonds resulting from the loss or gain of electrons by bonded atoms (ex. NaCl) weaker
than covalent
hydrogen bonds
✓ ~~~weak bond formed between a hydrogen atom in a polar compound and an
electronegative atom in another polar compound
Vanderwaals force
✓ ~~~very weak bonds resulting from impermanent shifting of charges because electrons
are constantly moving
molecule
✓ ~~~consists of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
, Vitamin B12 deficiency causes? (It's absorbed in our guts)
✓ ~~~anemia
electronegativity
✓ ~~~an atom's attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond
What is electronegativity affected by?
✓ ~~~atomic number and distance at which its valence electrons reside from the nucleus
Tell me about electronegativity and nonpolar covalent molecules
✓ ~~~atoms are equally electronegative and share valence electrons equally
Tell me about electronegativity and polar covalent molecules
✓ ~~~one atom is more electronegative and the atoms do not share valence electrons
equally
What does unequal sharing of electrons cause?
✓ ~~~partial positive or negative charge for each atom
Tell me about loss and gain of electrons in ionic bonds and the attraction
✓ ~~~the more electronegative atom strips a valence electron completely away from its
partner; its an attraction between a cation and an anion
Ion?
✓ ~~~a charged atom (or molecule)
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