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AP Biology Midterm Review Questions and Answers
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AP Biology Midterm Review Questionsand Answers
Dehydration
✓ ~~~connecting monomers together by the removal of water
Hydrolysis
✓ ~~~disassembling polymers by the addition of water
Disaccharides
✓ ~~~glucose + glucose = maltose / glucose + fructose = sucrose / glucose + galactose =
lactose
Polysaccharides
✓ ~~~Plants: starch (energy) and cellulose (structure)
Animals: glycogen (energy) and chitin (structure)
*Lipids
✓ ~~~hydrophobic (very non-polar), consist of long hydrocarbon chains
Fats
✓ ~~~consist of glycerol and 3 fatty acids, store long term energy, saturated = no double
bond in hydrocarbon tails (no kink), unsaturated = double bond (kink)
Phospholipids
✓ ~~~consist of phosphate head, glycerol, and 2 fatty acid tails, tail is hydrophobic, head is
hydrophillic
, Protein structure and organization
✓ ~~~composed of an amino group, a carboxyl group, hydrogen, and an R group, joined by
peptide bonds and folded numerous times; 1) Primary (linear sequence) 2) Secondary
(helix or pleat) 3) Tertiary 4) Quaternary (globular)
Protein functions (8)
✓ ~~~1) enzymes 2) antibodies 3) storage proteins 4) transport proteins 5) hormones 6)
receptor proteins 7) motor proteins 8) structural proteins
*Nucleic Acids
✓ ~~~DNA (A+T, G+C) carries genetic info, RNA (A+U, G+C) manufactures proteins
Nuclear Envelope
✓ ~~~double membrane enclosing the nucleus (where genetic info is stored) perforated with
pores, continuous with ER
Chromatin
✓ ~~~uncondensed DNA that forms chromosomes during cell division
Nucleolus
✓ ~~~nonmembranous structure involved in production of ribosomes, a nucleus has one or
more of these
Rough ER
✓ ~~~covered in ribosomes, secretes and transports proteins produced by ribosomes
Smooth ER
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