Biology Ch 11 Fifth Edition Brooker BRCC
1033
Figure 11.4 Nucleotides and their components. For simplicity, the carbon atoms in the ring
structures are shown only for guanine and cytosine in part (a).
Concept Check: Which pyrimidine(s) is (are) found in both DNA and RNA? - ANS Chapter 11
Concept Checks
Figure 11.4 Cytosine is found in both DNA and RNA.
Figure 11.5 Conventional numbering in a DNA nucleotide. The carbons in the sugar are given a
prime designation, whereas those in the base are not.
Concept Check: What is the numbering designation of the carbon atom to which the phosphate
is attached? - ANS Chapter 11 Concept Checks
Figure 11.5 The phosphate is attached to the 5′ carbon in a DNA nucleotide.
Concept Check: If this experiment was conducted for four rounds of DNA replication (that is,
four generations), what would be the expected fractions of light DNA and half-heavy DNA
according to the semiconservative model? - ANS Chapter 11 Concept Checks
Figure 11.11 The expected fractions would be 1/8 half-heavy and 7/8 light
Figure 11.15 Enzymatic synthesis of DNA. (a) Incoming deoxynucleoside triphosphates first
hydrogen-bond to the template strand according to the AT/GC rule. DNA polymerase recognizes
these deoxynucleoside triphosphates and attaches a deoxynucleoside monophosphate to the 3΄
end of a growing strand. (b) DNA polymerase breaks the bond between the first and second
phosphate in a deoxynucleoside triphosphate, causing the release of pyrophosphate. This
provides the energy to form a covalent bond between the resulting deoxynucleoside
monophosphate and the previous nucleotide in the growing strand. The pyrophosphate is
broken down to two phosphates.
Concept Check: Does the oxygen in a new phosphoester bond come from the sugar or from the
phosphate? - ANS Chapter 11 Concept Checks
Figure 11.15 The oxygen in a new phosphoester bond comes from the sugar.
, Figure 11.17 Synthesis of new DNA strands. The separation of DNA at the origin of replication
produces two replication forks that move in opposite directions. New DNA strands are made
near the opening of each fork. The leading strand is made continuously in the same direction
the fork is moving. The lagging strand is made as small pieces in the opposite direction. These
small pieces are then connected to each other to form a continuous lagging strand.
Concept Check: Which strand, the leading or lagging strand, is made discontinuously in the
direction opposite to the movement of the replication fork? - ANS Chapter 11 Concept Checks
Figure 11.17 The lagging strand is made discontinuously in the direction opposite to the
movement of the replication fork
Figure 11.19 Proteins involved with the synthesis of the leading and lagging strands in E. coli.
Concept Check: Briefly describe the movement of primase in the lagging strand in this figure. In
which direction does it move when it is making a primer, from left to right or right to left?
Describe how it must move after it is done making a primer and has to start making the next
primer at a new location. Does it have to hop from left to right or from right to left? - ANS
Chapter 11 Concept Checks
Figure 11.19 When primase is synthesizing a primer in the lagging strand, it moves from left to
right in this figure. After it is done making a primer, it needs to hop to the opening of the
replication fork to make a new primer. This movement is from right to left in this figure.
Figure 11.21 Mechanism of DNA replication by telomerase.
Concept Check: What does telomerase use as a template to make the DNA repeat sequence? -
ANS Chapter 11 Concept Checks
Figure 11.21 Telomerase uses an RNA sequence that it contains as a template to make the
DNA repeat sequence.
Figure 11.24 Attachment of the 30-nm fiber to a protein fiber to form a radial loop domain.
Concept Check: What holds the bases of the radial loop domains in place? - ANS Chapter 11
Concept Checks
Figure 11.24 Proteins hold the bases of the radial loop domains in place.
Figure 11.1 Griffith's experiments showing that genetic material can be transferred from one
bacterium to another. Note: To determine if a mouse's blood contained live bacteria, a sample of
blood was also applied to solid growth media. (This part of the procedure is not shown.) For
steps 1 and 4, smooth bacterial colonies were observed. For step 2, no bacterial colonies were
observed because the type R cells were killed by the immune system of the mouse.
Core Skill: Connections Look ahead to Figure 19.17. How does bacterial transformation play a
role in the transfer of genes, such as antibiotic resistance genes, from one bacterial species to
another? - ANS Chapter 11 Core Skills: Connections
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