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NSG 345 - PHARMACOLOGY EXAM 1 WITH QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
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NSG 345 - PHARMACOLOGY EXAM 1 WITHQUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
What are pharmacokinetics?
The process of drug movement throughout the body necessary to achieve drug
action
What is absorption?
Movement of the drug into the bloodstream after administration
What can affect absorption?
Many factors including:
- Route of Administration
-Liver function
-Pain and stress
- Eating
What is distribution?
Movement of drug from the circulation to body tissues
What is metabolism?
The process by which the body chemically changes drugs into a form that can be
excreted
How are most drugs metabolized?
Enzymes in the liver
Where else can drugs be metabolized?
,Plasma, Kidneys, and intestinal membranes
What can cause drug toxicity or adverse reactions?
What other drugs inhibit or compete for enzyme metabolism causing an
accumulation of drugs
How do genetics play a role in metabolization of drugs?
Genetics can allow some people to metabolize a drug more rapidly or more slowly
What are some examples of diseases that can reduce the metabolism of drugs?
- Liver disease
- Cirrhosis (scarred liver)
- Kidney Disease
- Heart Failure
Can age also affect metabolism?
Yes, older age is associated with increased blood concentrations of drugs and
altered metabolism, reduced effectiveness, and increased risk of adverse reactions
for many medications
What is excretion?
Elimination of drugs from the body
How are drugs excreted?
Through the kidneys and leave the body through urine
What are some common tests to check renal function?
BUN, Creatinine, and eGFR
What is a loading dose?
A large bolus of drugs to achieve the necessary drug range
What is a half-life?
,The time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to be reduced by half
Half-life on metabolism?
The amount of drug administered, the amount of drug remaining in the body from
previous doses, metabolism, and elimination affect the half-life
What are pharmacodynamics?
The study of the effects of drugs on the body
What is the primary effect?
The DESIRED response
What is the secondary effect?
Unintended action (undesirable)
What is an example of the primary and secondary effect?
Benadryl:
Primary: Treating the symptoms of allergies
Secondary: May cause drowsiness
What is the therapeutic index?
Measurement of drug safety
It refers to the relationship between toxic an therapeutic dosing
What is the therapeutic range?
A range of doses that produce a therapeutic response without causing a significant
adverse effect in patients
What is onset?
the time it takes for a drug to reach minimum effective concentration after
administration
What is the peak?
, When the drug is at its highest concentration in the blood
What is the duration?
The length of time a drug exerts a therapeutic effect
What is tolerance?
Decreased responsiveness to a drug throughout therapy
What is an example of tolerance?
Someone with tolerance requires a higher dose of the drug to reach the therapeutic
effect
What is a peak drug level?
The highest plasma concentration of drug at a specific time, and it indicates the rate
of drug absorption
What is trough drug level?
The lowest plasma concentration of a drug, and it measures the rate at which the
drug is eliminated
When are trough levels drawn?
Immediately before the next dose of medication
What is therapeutic drug monitoring?
Checking serum drug levels
What are the side effects?
Secondary effects of drug therapy
What are adverse drug reactions?
Unintentional, unexpected reactions to drug therapy that occur at normal drug
dosages
What are some examples of adverse drug reactions?
- May be mild or severe like anaphylaxis
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