STUVIA 2024/2025
1. Science
2. Medicine
3. Pediatrics
WCF Exam 3
Important differences in infant respiratory sytem + what these increase the risk for
1. Narrow airway --> airway obstruction
2. Less mucus production (and less lymphoid tissue) --> infection
3. Flaccid epiglottis --> aspiration
4. Obligate nose breathers!
Infants are belly breathers until which age?
~6yr old
Important differences in toddler/school ages
1. Right bronchus= shorter, wider, more vertical
2. Lung develop complete around 6yr (alveoli around 12yr)
Foreign body aspiration is more likely to occur in which bronchus and why?
RIGHT! Because it is wider, shorter, and more vertical
Normal child findings: respiratory
O2: 95-100
%
RR: depends on age (~20-40; highest= 60 for infants)
IRREGULAR BREATHING IS WITH PAUSES <20S= NORMAL
Abnormal child findings: respiratory
1. Head bobbing (very severe sign)
2. Nasal flaring
3. Inspiratory wheezing (obstruction)
Mild signs of respiratory distress
1. Tachypnea (>60)/cardia (>160)
2. INTERCOSTAL retractions
Diaphoresis,
Body TRYING to compensate
Moderate signs of respiratory distress
1. Nasal flaring
2. SUBSTERNAL/SUBCOSTAL RETRACTIONS
3. Grunting
4. Wheezing
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, STUVIA 2024/2025
Anxiety, HA, HTN
Body trying harder to compensated
Severe signs of respiratory distress
1. Cyanosis
2. HEAD BOBBING
3. SUPRACLAVICULAR/SUPRASTERNAL RETRACTIONS
4. HEAD BOBBING
5. Apnea/ALTE
6. BRADYCARDIA!!!
What defines apnea?
Periods of breathing cessation that last MORE THAN 20 SECONDS
What does ALTE stand for?
Apparent life threatening event
ALTE causes
UNKNOWN
Theories: seizures, sepsis, trauma, respiratory distress
ALTE S/S
1. Color changes
%
2. Limp tone
3. Choking
4. Gagging
ALTE is sometimes referred to as...
Avoided SIDS
VERY SERIOUS!!! May require resuscitation
Viral croup is caused by...
Parainfluenza virus
Croup is an umbrella term for disease that causes...
Upper airway inflammation and swelling (trachea, bronchi, larynx, vocal cords)
T/F croup is viral only
F; can be viral and bacterial
3 types of viral croup
1. Acute laryngotracheitis
2. Spasmodic croup
3. Laryngitis
3 types of bacterial croup
1. Bacterial tracheitis
2. Epiglottitis
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