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STUVIA 2024/2025
1. Social Science
2. Law
3. Criminal Law
Criminal Procedure Final
2 models of the criminal justice system
crime control model
due process model
crime control model
most similar to a factory in that this model values efficiency. In maintaining efficiency, this model
makes several assumptions: police/prosecutors are reliable indicators of guilt; trusts the way in which
the police/prosecutors do their jobs; not hospitable to post-conviction action (emphasis on plea
bargaining).
due process model
analogized to a small artisan specialty good, highly valuing quality and the prevention of mistakes.
The worst mistake under this model is for an innocent person to go to prison or get the death penalty.
This model stresses the possibility of error in the fact-finding process and views the trial as the best
place for determining truth.
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what must P prove in a 1983 lawsuit (2)
(1) the action occurred under the color of law and
(2) the action is a deprivation of a constitutional right or a federal statutory right.
two perspectives on application of the 14A
1. total incorporation: 14A applies DP to all, including states
2. selective incorporation: look at every case and assess whether something infringes on a
fundamental right.
the exclusionary R
evidence obtained in a way that violates the constitutionally protected rights will not be admitted into
the state's case in chief.
Who are "the people" for 4A purposes?
Test = a person is protected by the 4A fi she has sufficient contact with the national community.
Factors to consider:
-length of time in the US [regardless of legality]
-voluntary migration
-presence of US citizen children
Where are the people protected for 4A purposeS?
Inside the US
State action and the 4A
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the 4A only applies to actions done by or involving the government and its agents.
two prong test for determining state action in cases where private individuals assist in public
investigations
1. government's knowledge and acquiescence
Ask:
-from the gov's perspective, is the private party acting for them?
-does the gov know the private party's actions and do they condone them?
2. intent of the party performing the search
Ask:
-is the private party working for the government or advancing its own interests?
-is the private actor paid at the request of the government?
-did the government offer the private actor a reward?
things that have been held NOT to satisfy the first prong (gov acquiescence and knowledge) of the
state action test (2)
a. De minimums contact between a private party and law enforcement just prior to the search.
b. Mere presence of law enforcement (unless encouraging or assisting with the search), especially if
the private party has an independent and legitimate motivation for conducting the search.
Four step process to 4A
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1. is it a "search" or a "seizure"?
2. What is the justification for the search/seizure?
3. if a warrant is needed, is there a warrant or an exception?
4. has the search/seizure been executed properly?
Standing to bring a 4A claim:
The person bringing the claim but prove that it was their personal 4A rights that were violated --> ie
that they had an "objectively reasonable expectation of privacy"
In a situation in which A and B are having an incriminating conversation about D in C's house, who
has standing under the 4A?
1. A and B, as the parties having the conversation, both have standing because the conversation is
theirs.
2. C, as the owner of the house, does not have standing because it is not "his" conversation that is
seized. However, Justice Harlan would disagree and say that C has standing because it was a search
of his premises.
D, the incriminated party, does not have standing because he is considered a vicarious party because
he was not present and it was not his conversation.
Does a person have a OREP in another's home if they are staying as an overnight guest?
yes
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does a person have a OREP in a rental car? does it matter if they are not the listed renter?
A private citizen has a OREP in a rental car, even if they are not the listed renter, as long as they are
legally in possession.
What is a search?
a search occurs when the state intrudes into a realm of life in which there is an objectively reasonable
expectation of privacy (OREP).
whether an expectation of privacy is objectively and subjectively reasonable generally depends on (2)
1. whether the suspect has exposed or concealed the information, and
2. whether the setting in which the info is discovered is public or private.
Is there a OREP in one's garbage that she leaves outside to be collected?
No, it is voluntarily exposed to the public
What place has the most 4A protection?
The home -- greatest OREP in person's home. Searches without warrants in a suspect's home are
presumptively unreasonable absent exigent circumstances.
in evaluating OREP, consider (8)
-the nature of the place observed
-the steps taken by citizen to enhance
-the degree to which the surveillance require a physical intrusion onto private property
-the nature of the object or activity observed
-the availability to the general public of any technologies used by police to conduct surveillance
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-the extent to which the tech enhances the natural senses
-the extent to which the tech is unnecessarily invasive
-there's no place like home
Dog sniffs and 4A violations
dog sniffs alone do not violate the 4A (at least when run around a car during a standard traffic stop)
because they only reveal things which an individual does not have a OREP in (ie. Contraband).
Conducting a drug dog sniff in a constitutionally protected area violates the 4A (the curtilage, ie. the
front porch and door).
The home, curtilage, and open field
The curtilage is treated like the home where there is a OREP; the open field is not.
factors to consider when assessing whether something is "curtilage" (4)
-fence around both the house and the supposed curtilage?
-proximity to the house
-what is the nature of the uses to which the area is put? is it an area in which home life extends like a
porch or garage?
-the steps taken by the resident to protect the area from observation by people passing.
"the poverty exception"
there is no OREP in the hallway conjoining multi-unit dwellings
third party doctrine
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