Psych 115 Chapter 4 Test Questions and Correct Answers
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Course
PSYC 115
Institution
PSYC 115
Define: neurochemistry vs. neuropharmacology Neurochemistry: focuses on the basic chemical composition and processes of the nervous system.
Neuropharmacology: the study of compounds that selectively affect the nervous system.
Define: endogenous vs. exogenous substances Exogenous substances are mo...
Psych 115 Chapter 4 Test Questions and
Correct Answers
Define: neurochemistry vs. neuropharmacology ✅Neurochemistry: focuses on the
basic chemical
composition and processes of the nervous system.
Neuropharmacology: the study of compounds that
selectively affect the nervous system.
Define: endogenous vs. exogenous substances ✅Exogenous substances are
molecules from outside our
own bodies, used throughout human history to affect our
physiology and behavior.
Endogenous: occurs naturally within the body, substances that the brain produces
Exogenous: introduced from outside the body, molecules from outside our own bodies
used throughout human history to affect our physiology and behavior (i.e. drugs)
What are the criteria to be a neurotransmitter? ✅-Substance exists in presynaptic axon
terminals
-Substance is synthesized in presynaptic cells (using appropriate enzymes, organelles)
-Substance is released in significant quantities when action potentials reach axon
terminals
-Receptors for the substance exist on postsynaptic
membrane.
-When applied, experimental application of the substance produces changes in
postsynaptic cells.
-Blocking substance release prevents changes in
postsynaptic cell.
What are the different types of neurotransmitters? ✅Amine neurotransmitter: a
neurotransmitter based on modifications of a single amino acid nucleus (i.e.
acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine)
Amino acid neurotransmitter: a neurotransmitter that is itself an amino acid (i.e. GABA,
glycine, glutamate)
Peptide neurotransmitter (neuropeptide): a neurotransmitter consisting of a short chain
of amino acids
Gas neurotransmitter: a soluble gas that is produced and released by a neuron to alter
the functioning of another neuron - diffuses between neurons to alter ongoing processes
(i.e. nitric oxide, carbon dioxide)
, Define: ligand vs. agonist vs. antagonist vs. inverse agonist ✅Ligand: a substance that
binds to a receptor and has one of
three effects:
-Agonist: initiates the normal effects of the receptor.
-Antagonist: blocks the receptor from being activated by other ligands.
-Inverse agonist initiates an effect that is the opposite of the normal function.
Many drugs are ligands that act upon specific receptor molecules.
Drugs may target one or a few receptor subtypes.
Because receptor subtypes have different localizations and
functions, drug actions can have widely varying effects (depending on where the
receptors for them are)
What are the functions of: Acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA,
glutamate ✅Acetylcholine: involved in cholinergic transmission in the cortex, crucial for
muscle contraction (*movement*)
Dopamine: found throughout the forebrain, involved in complex behaviors including
*motor function, reward*, higher cognition
Norepinephrine: multiple effects in visceral organs, important part of sympathetic
nervous system and "fight or flight" responses, provides an alerting and *arousing*
function in brain
Serotonin: may be involved in *mood*, sleep, and higher cognition
GABA: inhibitory, reducing excitability and preventing seizure activity
Glutamate: most abundant neurotransmitter, crucial for excitatory signals - especially in
learning and memory
What is the relationship between routes of drug administration and their effects?
✅Ingestion: slow to moderate
Inhalation: moderate to fast
Peripheral injection: moderate to fast
Central injection: fast to very fast (straight into the nervous system)
Define: tolerance (what are the different types?) ✅Drug tolerance: successive
treatments (repeated exposure of the drug) have decreasing effects
-Metabolic tolerance—organ systems (i.e. liver) become more effective at eliminating
the drug (before it has a chance to affect the brain or other target)
-Functional tolerance—target tissue may show altered sensitivity to the drug (due to up
or down regulation of receptors, opposite the drug's intended effect - Neurons down-
regulate in response to an agonist drug [fewer receptors available] and up-regulate in
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