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PSY 130 FINAL EXAM WITH ALL QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
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PSY 130 FINAL EXAM WITH ALL QUESTIONSAND VERIFIED ANSWERS
Describe two of the nine dimensions of temperament identified by Thomas and
Chess in their longitudinal study. For each dimension, describe what it means for a
child to be high or low on that dimension. - ANSWER •Approach/ withdrawal:
How comfortable is the child to novelty?
o High: Enjoy new experiences/ not afraid of taking risks
o Low: Do not like new activities/ Frightened by new experiences and people
•Intensity: How strong are the child's emotional reactions?
o High intensity: Exhibit highs and lows of emotions cry when toy is taken away/
very loud and expressive when excited
o Low Intensity: Subdued reactions smile quietly at a toy or movie/ whimper softly
when sad
What did Thomas and Chess mean by "Goodness of fit"? How does goodness of fit
impact children's long-term outcomes? Provide one example to support your
answer. - ANSWER • Goodness of fit: Child and parenting behavior works
together (If parents work with children = positive outcome/ Parents do not work
with children = negative outcome)
• Long term easy = pos outcomes, difficult = more neg outcomes
• If parents work against temperament, child will have less emotional regulation.
(Ex: Difficult children need consistent parenting)
Although Thomas and Chess's study on temperament has had a very strong impact
on the field of child development, people have raised concerns about how the study
was conducted. Describe one of the methodological concerns that has been raised.
How might this have affected the results of the study? Be specific! How have more
recent studies avoided this problem? - ANSWER •Halo effects
•Same interviewer followed the same family throughout the duration of the study
,(prolonged time w/ the family could have led to colored questions/ interpretations
of parents answers may have made temperament look more consistent than it was)
• This is avoided by having the interviews taped and coded by an RA and more
specific questions asked for prenatal reports.
Infant attachment is typically tested using the Strange Situation procedure.
Describe the basics of this procedure, as well as how secure, insecure-avoidant, and
insecure-resistant infants respond. - ANSWER • Strange situation Used to see how
1-2 year olds react when separated from their mother and stranger is introduced
(tests attachment)
• Secure Child explores room while mom is there. Mom leaves, child is distressed
(cries), mom returns, child happily greets mom and child can be soothed
• Insecure-avoidant Mom leaves, child shows little distress, mom returns, child
avoids contact with mom. Shows more positive behavior with the stranger.
• Insecure-resistant mom leaves, child is very distressed, mom returns, child is still
distressed/ might be angry at mom and cannot be soothed
Recent studies have tested parents using the Adult Attachment Interview and then
tested their infants using the Strange Situation. Describe the Adult Attachment
Interview. How does a parent's classification on the Adult Attachment Interview
relate to their infant's attachment in the Strange Situation? - ANSWER • The adult
attachment interview gathers information from the adult to see the relationships
they had with their parents. This assesses adult's internal workings models of
relationships.
• This would then predict the attachment category of the next generation.
What is "self concept"? What are children's early self concepts like? Describe one
factor that influences the formation of early self concepts. - ANSWER •
Self-concept personal definition of self
• Early self-concepts include categories (age/sex), physical attributes (eye color),
physical attributes (run fast), & possessions (I have a cat!)
• One factor that influences the formation of early self-concepts is from parent's
co-narration of experiences.
,Erik Erikson outlined three ways that adolescents could approach identity
confusion. Describe two of these approaches. For each, give one long-term
consequence of adopting that approach. - ANSWER • Identity diffusion Ignores
identity confusion. No steps are taken to fix identity confusion. (I'll think about this
later)
o Long term consequence: More at risk for depression/ less mature/ apathetic
• Identity foreclosure Chooses an identity without considering options (I'll be a
doctor because that's what my parents want)
o Long term consequences: Inflexible/ intolerant
Describe the two key dimensions of parenting that we discussed in class. According
to Baumrind's research, which of these dimensions is more important for predicting
children's academic performance? Which predicts delinquency? - ANSWER •Two
key dimensions of parenting are responsiveness and demandingness
•Authoritative parenting predicts academic performance
•Uninvolved parenting predicts delinquency
Family structure has changed substantially on the last several decades. Describe
two ways that modern families look different. For each describe one implication of
this change for children's development. - ANSWER • Older families (parents are
waiting to have kids) lots of positives because parents have more resources and
social connections. Parents enjoy parenting.
• Increase divorced parents kids have greater risks of emotional disorders.
Describe how children's concepts of friendship change as they get older. Be
specific about what friendship looks like at different ages. What is one benefit of
friendships? - ANSWER • Under 2 years old prefer physical proximity with other
children (plays side by side).
• 2-4-year-olds friends are kids you spend most of your time with.
• Early school years Friends are kids with your same interests and take less work to
spend time with
, • Adolescence Friends are loyal and listen to your problems
• Benefit 5th graders with Reciprocated friendships do better in college and have a
higher quality family/social life 15yrs later
In order to determine why children end up with a particular sociometric status,
researchers have conducted play-group studies like the one we watched in class.
The results from these studies have shown that each sociometric status is associated
with certain social behaviors. Choose a sociometric status and describe the types of
votes/nominations someone with that sociometric status receives from peers. Next,
describe two social behaviors that are associated with that status. - ANSWER •
Popular lots of positive votes and few negative votes
• They behave well in social situations (social skills)/ athletic ability (better for
boys)
Although groundbreaking, Kohlberg's research on morality has been widely
criticized. Describe two problems with Kohlberg's theory. For each, provide a piece
of evidence that suggests Kohlberg was incorrect. - ANSWER • Does morality
come in stages?
o Adults and children reason at different levels in different stages
o Dev consists of increases in: ability to consider a wide array of morality-relevant
factors (human rights)
• Conceptions of morality are not universal]
o Kohlberg was biased against women and non-western children/adults
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