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Medical Microbiology Question and answers already passed

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Medical Microbiology Question and answers already passed Medical Microbiology Describe the overall cell structure of prokaryotes - correct answer Prokaryotes (primitive nucleus) a. Most contain a single chromosome of double-stranded DNA in a circle called a nucleoid that is not surrounded b...

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  • August 11, 2024
  • 24
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
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Medical Microbiology
Describe the overall cell structure of prokaryotes - correct answer
✔Prokaryotes (primitive nucleus)
a. Most contain a single chromosome of double-stranded DNA in a circle
called
a nucleoid that is not surrounded by a membrane
b. Plasmids (smaller, circular, extrachromosomal DNAs) may be present
1. Plasmids are not necessary for survival, but may provide a selective
advantage, such as antibiotic resistance
c. Cell membrane is a lipoprotein surrounding cytoplasm. It regulates transport
across membrane and acts as osmotic barrier and is where energy is
generated
d. Cell wall is present and is rigid


B. Eukaryotes(true nucleus)
a. Nucleus contains double-stranded DNA in one or more chromosomes
surrounded by a nuclear membrane
b. A nucleolus is located within nucleus and is site of ribosomal RNA
synthesis
c. Endoplasmic reticulum is system of membranes throughout cytoplasm
where
protein is synthesized
d. Mitochondria are sites of energy production
e. Most do not have cell walls
f. Plasma membrane is bilayered lipoprotein that encircles cell cytoplasm and
regulates transport of molecules in and out of cell


Example: Bacteria

,Describe the overall cell structure of eukaryotes - correct answer
✔Eukaryotes (true nucleus)
a. Nucleus contains double-stranded DNA in one or more chromosomes
surrounded by a nuclear membrane
b. A nucleolus is located within nucleus and is site of ribosomal RNA
synthesis
c. Endoplasmic reticulum is system of membranes throughout cytoplasm
where
protein is synthesized
d. Mitochondria are sites of energy production
e. Most do not have cell walls
f. Plasma membrane is bilayered lipoprotein that encircles cell cytoplasm and
regulates transport of molecules in and out of cell


Example: Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, Plant cells, Animal cells


Describe taxonomic classification and use scientific nomenclature to
accurately record the names of microorganisms. - correct answer ✔There is
no official classification scheme for living organisms. As new information is
discovered, the "tree of life" constantly changes. Classification schemes are
based on structure, cellular organization, nutritional patterns, and genetic
relationships. Microbiologists favor the three domain system over the older
five kingdom system, as it reflects new genetic insights into diversity.
Scientific nomenclature assigns each organism two names (binomial naming).
The genus is the first name and is always capitalized; the species follows and
is not
2
Fenn/Durrant Dept. of Pathology
Chart taken from Medical Microbiology, 6th Ed. PR Murray et al. p. 11

, II. Classification of Bacteria
Fenn/Durrant Dept. of Pathology
capitalized. The genus and species name of the particular organism is either
underlined or italicized.


Describe the Gram stain procedure and what is happening with the bacteria at
each step. - correct answer ✔GramStain-
Basisforinitialgroupingofmedicallyimportantbacteria;mostcommonly used stain
in clinical microbiology laboratory; bacteria placed into 2 groups based on
stain results: gram positive (purple) and gram negative (red)


a. Crystal violet: net (+) charge is attracted to bacterial (-) charged cells
b. Iodine: mordant
c. Alcohol: decolorizer; removes dye from gram negative cells but not
gram positive cells
d. Safranin: counterstain


Gram Positive bacteria contain multiple layers of peptidoglycan, while gram
negative bacteria contain a single peptidoglycan layer. These multiple layers
in gram positive cells are a barrier to release of the crystal violet-iodine
complex when alcohol is added.


Acid-fast bacteria (high lipid and wax content in cell walls) do not stain well
with the gram stain.


Outline the factors affecting microbial growth and growth patterns. - correct
answer ✔1. Temperature
a. Psychrophiles - organisms that live optimally at 150C; they can be in
refrigerators, water, soil
b. Mesophiles - optimum temperature is 30-350C; cause disease in man

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