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philosophy Exam 1&2 Questions With Complete Solutions
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philosophy Exam 1&2 Questions With Complete Solutions
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philosophy Exam 1&2 Questions With Complete Solutionsmoral responsibility Correct Answers Being responsible for
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something that has moral significance, Ability to be held
accountable for ones actions, worthy of moral praise or
blame.You are accountable for your actions.
You can be praised for "good" actions and punished for "bad"
actions.
If there is no freedom, there can be no moral accountability.
See Kant and Boethius
inductive Correct Answers if the premises are true it is unlikely
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for the conclusion to be false. (based on probability)
for example p1, the sun rose today, p2, the sun always rises, C
the sun will rise tomorrow
deductive Correct Answers the premises provides a guarantee
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of the truth of the conclusion. If the premisses are true its
impossible for the inclusion to be false.
standard form Correct Answers p1
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p2
p3
C
free will vs determinism Correct Answers do we freely choose
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our actions or is behavior caused by things outside our control?
,Validity Correct Answers A deductive argument is said to be
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valid if and only if it takes a form that makes it impossible for
the premises to be true and the conclusion nevertheless to be
false. ... In effect, an argument is valid if the truth of the
premises logically guarantees the truth of the conclusion.
Utilitarianism Correct Answers The theory, proposed by
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Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700s, that government actions are
useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest
number of people.
what theory is utilitarianism Correct Answers teleological and
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consequential
the means justifies the act, the act itself is not important.
Joseph priestly on utilitarianism Correct Answers the greatest
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happiness for the greatest number
the principle of utility Correct Answers Benthams classical
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utilitarianism theory. discovered the principle of utility, and
established this based on the ethics of what benefited society
Bentham on utilitarianism Correct Answers Bentham looked at
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how useful actions were in establishing the greatest good for the
greatest number. Bentham identified "good" as happiness and
bring about pleasure, and a good action has the absence of pain.
This theory is a quantitive theory- the more the better.
Utilitarianism is also a form of hedonism.
, Epicurus (Utilitarianism) Correct Answers the acquisition of
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pleasure is the chief good and the main focus of life. (contradicts
Aristotle's eudaimonial claim- pleasure is by product of)
Hedonism seeks the acquisition of pleasure for its own sake
Jeramy Bentham utility Correct Answers the principle of utility
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aims to promote happiness which is the supreme ethical value.
nature has placed us under the governance of two masters, pain
and pleasure.
the utilitarian calculus Correct Answers the most moral acts are
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those which maximise pleasure and pain. consider the
naturalistic fallacy, just because pleasure is desired does not
mean it ought to be.
the hedonic calculus Correct Answers 1. intensity (how deep)
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2. duration (how long)
3. certainty (how likely)
4. remoteness (how near/far)
5. chance of succession of pleasure (how continuous)
6. purity (how secure)
7. extent (how universal)
Act utilitarianism Correct Answers we should take each act
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independently, not establish rules. some rules of thumb can be
justified to save time calculating. the end justified the means. we
should each act independently and not establish rules-
consequencial. Is the most primitive. depends on other aspects
of the individuals situation. if a wallet belonged to a millionaire.
act would say stealing the the wallet to pay for there sick
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