NUR304-PN-Questions with Correct Answers/ Verified/ latest Update (2024/2025)
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Course
NUR304-PN
Institution
NUR304-PN
Pathophysiology -️️The study of abnormalities in physiologic functioning of living beings.
Epidemiology -️️The study of patterns of disease involving aggregates of people.
Etiology -️️The study of the causes or reasons for phenomena.
Homeostasis -️️Remaining stable by remaining t...
NUR304-PN-Questions with Correct Answers/ Verified/ latest
Update (2024/2025)
Pathophysiology - ✔️✔️The study of abnormalities in physiologic functioning of living beings.
Epidemiology - ✔️✔️The study of patterns of disease involving aggregates of people.
Etiology - ✔️✔️The study of the causes or reasons for phenomena.
Homeostasis - ✔️✔️Remaining stable by remaining the same. Conceptualized as a state of being in
which all systems are in balance around a particular ideal "set-point."
Allostasis - ✔️✔️The organism's overall stability being accomplished through change.
GAS - ✔️✔️General Adaptation Syndrome: Alarm Stage, Resistance/Adaptive Phase, Exhaustion
Alarm Phase - ✔️✔️Fight-or-Flight Response
Hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) to activate the Sympathetic Nervous
System which stimulates the adrenal medulla (inner portion of the adrenal gland) to release the
catecholamines.
Negative Feedback Loop - Returning to Homeostasis from Fight-or-Flight (occurs simultaneously)
Hypothalamus secretes CRH stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH). ACTH then causes the adrenal cortex (outer portion of the adrenal gland) to
release corticosteroids.
Resistance/Adaptive Phase - ✔️✔️Allostasis is essentially the activation of these stress responses to
evoke changes that return the organism to homeostasis.
Exhaustion - ✔️✔️If the alarm stage were to persist (homeostasis doesn't return), the body would
suffer undue wear and tear and become subject to permanent damage and even death.
Catecholamines - ✔️✔️Epinephrine and Norepinephrines
, Risk Factors - ✔️✔️Conditions or situations that increase the likelihood of encountering or
experiencing a stressor.
Atrophy - ✔️✔️Decreased cell size.
Hypertrophy - ✔️✔️Increased cell size.
Hyperplasia - ✔️✔️Increased cell number.
Metaplasia - ✔️✔️Conversion of one cell type to another.
Apoptosis - ✔️✔️Clean death. Active process of cellular self-destruction.
Necrosis - ✔️✔️Dirty death. Death of cells or tissues through injury or disease, especially in a
localized area of the body.
Types of "Attacks" to cells: PINCH - ✔️✔️Physical, Infection, Nutrition, Chemical, Hypoxia
General causes of atrophy: - ✔️✔️Disuse, Denervation, Ischemia, Nutrient Starvation, Interruption
of Endocrine Signals, Persistent Cell Injury
Generally result from increased functional demand: - ✔️✔️Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia
Results from decreased functional demand or chronic ischemia: - ✔️✔️Atrophy
Result from persistent injury: - ✔️✔️Metaplasia and Dysplasia
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