UEPA - PA Professions - Exam 1 || with 100% Error-free Solutions.
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UEPA - PA Professions
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UEPA - PA Professions
What major changes occurred in medical education as a result of the Flexner Report released in 1910? correct answers 1. Closure of 50% existing medical schools
2. increased sciences in curricula
3. decrease in women and minorities in medicine
4. medical schools become attached to academic center...
UEPA - PA Professions - Exam 1 || with 100% Error-free
Solutions.
What major changes occurred in medical education as a result of the Flexner Report released in
1910? correct answers 1. Closure of 50% existing medical schools
2. increased sciences in curricula
3. decrease in women and minorities in medicine
4. medical schools become attached to academic centers - universities and colleges.
Describe what medicine and the delivery of health care services looked like in the first half of the
20th century. correct answers 1. The medical profession was mostly white and male dominated
2. There were more generalists than specialists
3. Most physicians worked in private office-based practices
4. Fee-for-service was the primary method of payment (out-of-pocket)
5. Hospital cost per capita was low.
Describe the impact of WWII and its aftermath on medicine, and the delivery of health care
services in the 1950s and 1960s. correct answers 1. There was an increase in number of
specialists compared to generalists
2. There was a shift from office to hospital care
3. There was an increase in availability of third party health insurance
4. There was an increase in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures that could be offered to the
public
5. There was an increase in the nation's gross domestic product, with associated increase in
family incomes, that increased the demand for health care services.
Explain why efforts to pass national health care insurance failed in the 1940s and 1950s. correct
answers National Health Insurance was viewed by the American Medical Association and by
right-wing conservative politicians as "socialized medicine", and was viewed even as being
"communistic" during a time of cold war fears; national health insurance was viewed by some as
being un-American with a threatened loss of freedom of choice.
Explain why Medicare and Medicaid national health insurance plans became necessary in the
1960s. correct answers Many Americans received third-party health insurance as a benefit of
employment. Without employment, older Americans, the disabled and the poor could not afford
third-party insurance - so the federal government intervened, to assure they received access to
health care services.
List four factors that fueled the demand for health care services in the 1960s. correct answers 1.
An increase in per capita income provided more money to spend on health care
2. An improvement in hospital standards and the availability of advanced diagnostic and
therapeutic technologies improved hospital services and outcomes
3. An increase in availability of employer prepaid health insurance plans, including hospital
insurance, provided greater access to services
,4. The enactment of Medicare and Medicaid health plans for the elderly, disabled and poor,
increased access to services.
Name four socioeconomic and political issues that caused civil unrest during the early 1960s.
correct answers 1. Unpopular war in Vietnam
2. Segregation of African Americans, particularly in the South
3. Women's Rights
4. Farm Workers' Rights.
Name three major pieces of legislation that were passed by Congress in the 1960s to address civil
rights and health care issues. correct answers 1. Civil Rights Act (1964)
2. Equal Opportunity Acts (1964)
3. Medicare and Medicaid Acts (1965)
Describe the events and name the people and university where the first attempt was made to
provide nurses advanced clinical skills in the 1950s. correct answers To address shortage in
clinical support personnel, Eugene A. Stead, Jr. MD and Thelma Ingles RN, a prominent nurse
educator, developed an advanced clinical nurse specialist program at Duke University that was
rebuffed (not accredited) by organized nursing leadership (the National League for Nursing).
What factors, at the time, led nursing leadership to reject an excellent and pioneering program to
provide advanced clinical skills to nurses? correct answers 1. There was a shortage of nurses
2. Steps were being taken to improve the image of nursing by requiring RNs to have
baccalaureate degrees
3. The Duke program's instructors were primarily physicians not nurses and Ms. Ingles did not
have a degree in nursing although she was a highly trained and skilled RN
4. Nursing leadership was involved in the feminist movement; (most physicians were men and
most nurses were women)
5. Role identification - nursing leadership could not envision a hybrid nurse-physician
practitioner or nurses working under the supervision of a physician. Nursing saw its role and
knowledge base to be separate and distinct from the practice of medicine.
Name the physician who in 1960 called for the education of doctor assistants recruited from the
"nonprofessional" ranks using the example of corpsmen, mostly high school graduates, who had
been trained to assist doctors in the military. correct answers Charles Hudson, MD.
Name two physicians who used former military corpsmen, as their first recruits to be educated as
physician assistants and explain the differences in their approach. correct answers 1. Eugene
Stead, MD developed a 2-yr academic based program at Duke University in 1965. He called his
students "physician's assistants".
2. Richard Smith, MD developed a joint academic/community-based program at the University
of Washington in 1968. He called his "MEDEX".
Both used a generalist model of education. A collaborative (with physicians), rapid deployment
model was also a feature of Smith's approach to educating PAs.
, Describe what benefits were derived from using former military corpsmen as a primary source of
PA students in the 1960s. correct answers Because of the Vietnam War, large numbers of
military corpsmen were being trained and released from the military annually with no health care
jobs available in the civilian sector. Many physicians had previous experience working with
corpsmen in the military. Not using the skills of corpsmen in the civilian sector, after their
discharge from the military was a waste of taxpayers' money. The Veterans Administration was
interested in creating job opportunities for veterans and needed more clinical support personnel
in their own medical facilities. Because of their seasoned and experienced health care
backgrounds, corpsmen could adjust quickly to the clinical environment and most were men in a
men's environment.
Explain how federal funding shaped the demographics of the PA profession during its first
decade of existence. correct answers Federal funding mandated programs to provide equal
opportunities for women and under-represented ethnic groups and to educate students and place
graduates into primary care specialties, especially in rural and inner-city communities.
Explain why initial federal funding did not mandate that PA and MEDEX programs offer
baccalaureate degrees to graduates. correct answers Obtaining liberal arts requirements for
degrees would prolong length and cost of PA education. At the time local clinical needs far
outweighed academic considerations. The requirement that entering students would need 2 years
of college credits would impede the enrollment of highly experienced corpsmen and non-degree
nurses, which at the time were the mainstay of the applicant pool. The PA and MEDEX curricula
were "competency based" rather than "degree based."
Name the physician that founded the first PA program to be based in a liberal arts college that
admitted individuals directly from high school and awarded a bachelor's degree to graduates.
correct answers Dr. Hu Myers established the first degree-granting PA program at Alderson-
Broadus College, WV, in 1968.
State two benefits of offering a degree to PA graduates. correct answers 1. Within professional
ranks, degrees are important and can help improve acceptance by physicians, nurses and the
public
2. Being in a degree-granting program made students eligible for scholarships, student loans and
Public Health Service forgiveness loans.
List the four pillars that are necessary for a newly emerging health profession to succeed. correct
answers 1. A society of practitioners
2. an association of educational programs
3. a nationally recognized body charged with accreditation of the programs
4. a process of certification of graduates' competency to protect the public interest.
State when and where the first organization was formed to represent physician assistant
graduates and students. correct answers 1968, Duke University, Durham, NC.
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