Reading guide for chapter 6 of Human Anatomy (9th Edition), by Marieb et al: "Cartilage and Bone Tissue". Used in the Applied Human Anatomy course at UC Irvine. Comes with bolded text answers and colored diagrams you can label.
Reading: Chapter 6 (and go re-read the the tiny bit of Chapter 4 on cartilage and bone)
What three components make up the skeletal system?
Bones, cartilage, and joints. *Cells in bone and cartilage are in lacunae.*
What are the nine locations of cartilage in the body, and where is each found? Cartilage in the…
1. the external ear
2. in the nose
3. Articular cartilages
4. Costal cartilages
5. in the larynx (voice box, epiglottis)
6. that hold open the air tubes of respiratory system
7. vertebral discs
8. pubic symphysis
9. that form the articular discs in movable joints (ex meniscus)
What are the differences between costal cartilages and articular cartilages?
Costal cartilage connects the ribs to the sternum. Articular cartilage covers the bone in
movable joints.
Describe the structure and function of the three types of cartilage in the body. (also see tables on
pages 86 – 88). Be familiar with the visual histology of the tissue, cell names and structures.
● Hyaline cartilage – Chondrocytes scattered w/ in a jellylike ground substance; matrix
also contains a thin network of collagen fibers. Provides support through flexibility and
resilience. Articular, costal, respiratory structures (ex nose), embryonic skeleton.
● Elastic cartilage – Similar to hyaline, except matrix contains many elastic fibers along w/
collagen ones. Provides recoil properties. External ear, larynx.
● Fibrocartilage – Chondrocytes are surrounded by thick collagen fibers. Provides
resistance to strong compression and tension forces. Vertebral discs, articular discs,
pubic symphysis.
Describe these structures:
Chondrocyte: main cells within cartilage. Usually surrounded by fibers w/ in the matrix. Inactive
version of...
Chondroblast: creates the matrix in cartilage tissue.
Lacuna (lacunae): a space within the CT matrix that holds a chondrocyte.
What are the six functions of bones in the body?
Support, movement, protection, mineral storage (Ca2+, Ph that’s released into
the bloodstream), blood cell formation and energy storage, energy metabolism
(osteoblasts secrete osteocalcin→ reduces blood sugar levels and increases
insulin sensitivity in cells).
What cells, fibers, and ground substance make up bone tissues? Take note of the following terms.
Also see table on pages 88.
● Unlike other CTs, bone has both organic^ and inorganic (mineral salts invading the
bony matrix) components.
● Organic components (35%): collagen is abundant in bone -> support/movement.
● Inorganic components (65%): tightly-packed mineral salts crystalize around collagen
fibrils in ECM.
1
, Alycia Edquilang
4/8/20
Perichondrium - Surrounds cartilage and acts as a girdle (resists outward expansion when
cartilage is subject to pressure). Aids the growth and repair of cartilage. Made of dense irregular
CT.
Bone marrow - Red bone marrow produces blood cells. Yellow bone marrow acts as fat
storage.
Osteoblasts – Actively produce and secrete osteoid -> the ground substance and collagen
fibers of matrix. Line the trabecula.
Osteocytes – Inactive osteoblasts that keep bone matrix healthy. Large, line the trabecula.
Osteoclasts – Secrete HCl -> dissolves mineral component of the matrix. Secretes lysosomal
enzymes -> digest the organic components of the matrix. (bone resorption)
What are the four ways in which bones are classified?
A. Long bone. Occur in limbs, including fingers and toes.
B. Short bone. Occur in wrist and ankle. Sesamoid bones: short bone that forms w/ in a
tendon (ex patella).
C. Flat bone. Occurs in cranial bones, ribs, sternum, and scapula.
D. Irregular bone. Occurs in vertebrae and hip bones.
What is the major difference between spongy (trabecular) bone and compact bone?
The deep spongy bone consists of trabeculae (honeycomb-like network) filled w/ red or yellow
bone marrow.
Describe the structure and function of a typical long bone, noting the following features:
● Diaphysis: shaft. forms the long axis of the bone.
● Epiphysis: the bone ends. Covered w/ hyaline cartilage -> Articular cartilage!
● Blood vessels: along the diaphysis is the nutrient foramen, where the nutrient -artery
and -vein run. Artery runs inward to supply the bone marrow, spongy bone, then branches to
the compact bone.
● Medullary (marrow) cavity: very center of the diaphysis filled w/ yellow bone marrow.
● Endosteum: membrane that covers the trabeculae of the spongy bone. Contain osteo -
blasts and -clasts.
● Periosteum: membrane that covers outer surface of each bone (except epiphyses).
○ made of 2 sublayers: superficial dense irregular CT layer, which resists tension; deep
layer containing osteo -blasts and -clasts.
○ supplied w/ nerves and blood vessels. Provides insertion points for tendons/ligaments.
○ secured to underlying bone by perforating collagen fiber bundles.
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