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ASU HLTH 1020 Health Anatomy Week 10 Lecture Notes and Tutorials (Thorax) University of South Australia
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Notes for Week 10 of 'Human Anatomy 100' (SP2, )
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ASU HLTH 1020 Health AnatomyWeek 10 Lecture Notes and
Tutorials (Thorax) University of
South Australia
,Thorax, Heart, and Lungs
HLTH 1020 WEEK 10 ‘Need to Know’ CHECKLIST
Explain the walls of the thorax.
- E.g. in viva, explain the location of the sternum and discuss its relationships with the
sternum, costal cartilages, diaphragm, etc.
o Walls of the thorax are formed by several structures, including the ribs, sternum, costal
cartilages, and diaphragm.
o Sternum (or breastbone): = a flat bone located in the anterior midline of the chest.
▪ Consists of three parts:
• Manubrium = the broadest and uppermost portion.
• Body = forms the middle section.
• Xiphoid process = a small, cartilaginous projection at the inferior end of the
sternum.
▪ Articulates with the clavicles (collarbones) at its superior end and with the costal
cartilages of the true ribs (ribs 1-7) at its sides.
• Costal cartilages are segments of hyaline cartilage that connect the anterior
ends of the ribs to the sternum, forming the ribcage.
o Diaphragm = a large, dome-shaped muscle that forms the inferior boundary of the
thorax and separates it from the abdominal cavity.
Explain how the ribs articulate with the vertebral column.
- The ribs articulate with the vertebral column at TWO points: the costovertebral joints and the
costotransverse joints.
o The costovertebral joints are formed between the head of each rib and the
corresponding vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs. The superior and inferior
articular facets of the rib head articulate with the demifacets on adjacent vertebral
bodies.
o The costotransverse joints are formed between the tubercle of each rib and the
transverse process of the corresponding vertebra.
Explain what passes through the superior and inferior thoracic
apertures.
- Superior thoracic aperture (AKA thoracic inlet) = the superior opening of the thoracic cavity.
o Located between the 1st pair of ribs, the manubrium, and the 1st thoracic vertebra.
o Structures passing through:
▪ Trachea,
▪ Oesophagus,
▪ Major blood vessels, and
▪ Various nerves.
- Inferior thoracic aperture (AKA thoracic outlet) = the inferior opening of the thoracic cavity.
o Is closed off by the diaphragm.
o Structures passing through:
▪ Inferior vena cava,
▪ Aorta,
▪ Oesophagus, and
▪ Various nerves.
, Describe the lungs.
- What is their position? (May be asked in viva)
o Lungs are located on either side of the heart within the thoracic cavity.
▪ Occupy the pleural cavities.
▪ Right lung being slightly larger (than left lung) and consisting of THREE lobes
(upper, middle, and lower).
▪ Left lung consisting of TWO lobes (upper and lower).
- What is their covering? (May be asked in viva)
o Lungs are covered by a double-layered serous membrane called the PLEURA.
▪ Parietal pleura (outer layer) lines the inside of the thoracic cavity.
▪ Visceral pleura (inner layer) adheres to the surface of the lungs.
- What are their TWO blood supplies?
o Lungs receive TWO SEPARATE blood supplies.
▪ Pulmonary circulation provides oxygenation of the blood and removes carbon
dioxide.
▪ Bronchial circulation supplies oxygenated blood to the lung tissue itself (including
the bronchi and connective tissues).
Describe the heart.
It’s FOUR chambers and the vessels leading to and from each part.
- Heart consists of four chambers:
o Right atrium,
o Right ventricle,
o Left atrium, and
o Left ventricle.
- Blood flows through the heart in the following order:
o Superior/inferior vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery →
lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → systemic circulation.
Describe the blood supply and covering of the heart.
- Supplied with oxygenated blood by the coronary arteries (specifically the left and right
coronary arteries).
o Coronary veins drain deoxygenated blood from the heart.
- Covered by a double-layered sac called the pericardium
o Includes the fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium.
Describe the heart’s position in the thorax. Describe the heart’s relationship with
the lungs. (May be asked in viva)
- Located within the mediastinum, which is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity.
o Lies behind the sternum, slightly tilted toward the left side.
o The lungs flank the heart on either side.
Describe quiet or passive breathing and how it occurs.
- Quiet breathing (AKA passive breathing or tidal breathing) = involves the natural, automatic
process of inhalation and exhalation during rest.
o It relies on the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and the elastic recoil of the
lungs.
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