emission trading - bringing new parts to less efficient countries to increase efficiency. it is paid for and
then claimed for credit of emission reduction.
biomass - replanting forests to offset Carbon sinking. advantages: increased employment, increased
security of energy, increased fossil fuel lifetime, net carbon dioxide neutral, less pollution.
methane - contributes to increased concentration in atmosphere. capture the methane for use instead
of allowing leaks. livestock and landfills contribute the most leakage.
sequestration - locking away CO2 to keep it from entering the atmosphere. storage of CO2: ocean,
minerals, depleted oil and gas wells, brine fields, coal fields, carbon sinks. power plants: air mixed with
nitrogen... we want the oxygen but it's costly to separate.
sequestration: the ocean - need more plankton to fertilize and trap CO2 as they decay for carbon cycle.
this is a carbon sink, there's more carbon in the ocean than in the atmosphere.
3 processes of ocean sequestration - 1. carbon sink through fertilization 2. inject CO2 into ocean to form
hydrates 3. inject CO2 into bottom of ocean to form CO2 underwater lake.
sequestration: oil fields - small holes in oil fields can be filled with CO2. if the field is still producing the
gas aids in extraction of crude through pressure. otherwise cap the methane leaks.
sequestration: brine fields - saline formations. estimated saline storage capacity in the US is large and
most existing CO2 point sources are within easy access to a saline injection point. Sleipner West Heimdel
gas reservoir of the Norwegian oil company Statoil is the only commercial CO2 geological sequestration
facility.
sequestration: coal - large cracks and pores in coal allows permeability. CO2 is attracted to the coal
micropore and doesn't need much space to bounce around, it wants to associate so we can fill more
volume than we could with empty space. kicks out methane too, sequester coal, collect methane. cost is
slightly high and would increase the cost of electricity.
, conservation - if we conserve, we use less, if we use less, we pollute less.
reduction - achieved through economic depression, kind weather.
reducing N2O - NOx consists of NO N2O and NO2. N2O is the greenhouse gas of the three. solutions
include: NOx removal (acid deposition), mitigation, prevention are applicable to N2O.
nuclear - % of power supplied will decrease. output will remain the same but % contribution will
decrease and decommissioning reactors and plants will result in a loss of capacity.
smog - ground level ozone. it's harmful.
ozone - secondary pollutant, aka is formed by released pollutant interaction. NOx + unburned
hydrocarbons or VOC (volatile organic compounds) --->SUNLIGHT = O3.
killer smog - combines with ozone and sulphate aerosols.
temperature inversion - layer of warm air acts as lid containing pollutants over a layer of cool air. ground
level temp warms up faster than the air above it, pushing the air upwards, breaking the warm air layer,
allowing pollutants to escape.
solution to ozone damage - stop using damaging chemicals (CFCs chloroflouro carbons).
reducing VOCs - reduce volatility of gasoline fuel. don't overfill the tank to prevent spills. fill up at times
when smog formation opportunities are at their lowest (evening hours). oxygenated fuel allows less fuel
to escape the combustion process so less VOCs.
reducing NOx - oxygenated fuels. alternative fuels. catalytic converter. improved catalytic converters.
hybrid cars. emission free vehicles. getting old cars off the road. efficiency and conservation.
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller VasilyKichigin. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $13.48. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
