Biology 2310 Final Review-Tarleton State University | Questions & Answers (100 %Score)
Latest Updated 2024/2025 Comprehensive Questions A+ Graded Answers | With Expert
Solutions
Biology - the study of life
Life - controlled series of chemical (biochemical) reactions called metabolism
Common Properties of Life - Order, Reproduction, Growth and Development, Energy Processing,
Response to the Environment, Regulation, Evolutionary Adaptation
Bacteria - prokaryotes: no nucleus, single-celled
Archaea - prokaryotes: single-celled, live in extreme environments
Eukarya - eukaryotes: have nuclei
Classification of Organisms - Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (Epithet)
Kingdoms - Protists, Plantae, Fungi, Eukarya, Animalia
Cell Theory of Biology - 1) the cell is the fundamental unit of life
2) all organisms are composed of cells
3) cells arise from existing cells
Primary cell wall - only in plants; composed of microfibrils of cellulose (small fibers) Function: physical
containment and support (only when cell is turgid)
microfibril - composed of 20 pairs of cellulose; glued together by pectin
,cellulose - linear polymer of glucose (sugar)
Function of Primary Cell Wall - physical containment and support (only when cell is tugrid)
Secondary cell wall - not in animals, some plants, not all; composed of microfibrils of cellulose + lignin
and suberin (wood)- takes up most of the free space, plant cannot grow if secondary cell wall is present.
Function: support due to one more mass than the primary cell wall and ordered arrangement of the
layers of microfibrils and the presence of lignin and subrin.
Function of secondary cell wall - support due to one more mass than the primary cell wall and ordered
arrangement of the layers of microfibrils and the presence of lignin and subrin
Plasma membrane - cell membrane/ plasma lemma; composed of lipid bilayer (double layer of fat) and
protein. Function: contains the living cellular content and regulates what enters and leaves the living
portion of the cell.
function of the plasma membrane - contains the living cellular content and regulates what enters and
leaves the living portion of the cell
Tonoplast - membrane inside the cell that delimits (forms the outside of) the central vaccuole. Function:
regulates what gets in or out of the central vaccuole.
function of the tonoplast - regulates what gets in or out of the central vaccuole
central vaccuole function - dead storage area; contains everything not needed in the living portion of
the cell
-ex. salt, sugars, acids, bases,
and metabolic end products
protoplasm - the living material between and including the plasma membrane and the tonoplast
, nucleus - bound by the nuclear envelope (double membrane with pores to allow substances through).
Function: the control center of the cell; contains the genetic information in the DNA of the
chromosomes.
function of the nucleus - the control center of the cell; contains the genetic information in the DNA of
the chromosomes
chromosomes are composed of - DNA and histones (protein) that hold everything together
cytoplasm - the living material between and including the plasma membrane and tonoplast, excluding
the nuclear envelope and its contents
endoplasmic recticulum (ER) - an extensive membrane system continuous with the outer membrane.
Function: 1) to provide surface area for biochemical reactions such as lipid synthesis
2) compartmentalization- compartments that hold substances together or apart. Types:
Rough(ribosomes) and Smooth(none).
function of the ER - 1) to provide surface are for biochemical reactions such as lipid synthesis
2) compartmentalization- compartments that hold substances together or apart
types of ER - rough (with ribosomes) and smooth (w/o ribosomes)
ribosomes - composed of RNA and protein; made inside the nucleus at the nucleolus ( a dark-staining
spot in the nucleus) and come out into the cytoplasm through the nuclear pores. Function: protein
synthesis.
function of ribosomes - protein synthesis
chloroplast function - only in plants; photosynthesis, contains thylakoids (contain chlorophyll), grana,
and stroma (fluid that surrounds the grana)
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller VasilyKichigin. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $13.48. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
