Gurgling - inspiration or expiration from upper airway obstruction due to airway
secretions, vomit or blood
Wheezing - high pitched or low pitched during expiration...lower airway obstruction
Crackles/rales - inspiration
Hypoxemia is O2 sat less than - CORRECT ANSWER-94%
Signs of increased respiratory effort - CORRECT ANSWER-nasal flaring
seesaw respirations
retractions
head bobbing (use of accessory muscles)
How to calculate respiratory rate - CORRECT ANSWER-count number of times chest
rises in 30 seconds and multiply by 2
,(sleeping infants have respiratory pauses up to 10-15 seconds, so must do 30 second
intervals)
Define apnea - CORRECT ANSWER-breathing stops for longer than 20 seconds
First sign of respiratory distress in infants - CORRECT ANSWER-tachypnea
Normal systolic blood pressure for children 1-10 years old - CORRECT ANSWER-90
mmHg + (2x age in years)
Hypotension systolic blood pressure in children 1-10 years old - CORRECT ANSWER-
less than 70 mmHg + (2x age in years)
Automated blood pressure cuffs may provide inaccurately ____ readings when child is
in shock - CORRECT ANSWER-high
Normal capillary refill time - CORRECT ANSWER-less than 2 seconds
Prolonged capillary refill time indicates - CORRECT ANSWER-low cardiac output
An exaggerated difference in quality between central and peripheral pulses occurs
when - CORRECT ANSWER-peripheral vasoconstriction is associated with shock
Central pulse locations - CORRECT ANSWER-femoral, brachial (in infants), carotid ( in
older children) and axillary
Cold environment and pulses - CORRECT ANSWER-Peripheral may be weak due to
peripheral vasoconstriction
, but central should remain strong
Which side of your hand to assess temperature - CORRECT ANSWER-back (palm has
thicker skin)
Poor pupil response to light indicated - CORRECT ANSWER-increased ICP
should be equal pupil sizes and not dilated
(both pupils should constrict to light even if light only shined in one eye)
Define hypoglycemia - CORRECT ANSWER-Newborn less than 45 mg/dL
Child less than 60 mg/dL
Hypoglycemia can result in...if not recognized - CORRECT ANSWER-brain injury
(remember brain uses glucose)
To assess a child's level of consciousness, use - CORRECT ANSWER-Alert
Voice response
Pain response (like sternal rub)
Unresponsive
Mnemonic for secondary assessment - CORRECT ANSWER-Signs and symptoms
Allergies
Medications
Past medical history
Last meal
Events
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