Physiology and Pathophysiology Questions And Answers
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Course
Physiology and Pathophysiology
Institution
Physiology And Pathophysiology
What are B-lymphocyte deficiencies?
~ Abnormal B-cell development leads to lower levels of circulating
immunoglobulins which increases risk of infection
Hypogammaglobulinemia (low antibody levels) or agammaglobulinemia (absent)
What is T-Lymphocyte Deficiencies?
~ 1. DiGeorge syndrome:
- ...
Physiology and
Pathophysiology Questions
And Answers
What are the 2 types of immunity?
✓~ 1. innate resistance
2. adaptive (acquired) immune system
What is innate immunity?
✓~ Natural barriers and the inflammatory response (1st & 2nd line of defense)
-what we are born with
ex: specialized epithelial surfaces help protect against damage/infection, if it
gets damaged, we have local/systemic responses called inflammation
What is adaptive (acquired) immunity?
, ✓~ consists of immune cells and antibodies that recognize, process, remember
and destroy antigens or the bad guys
slow to develop and constantly evolving b/c it requires memory, they learn new
things and provide long-term protection
we are not born with it, we gain it over time
What is the first line of immune defense?
✓~ 1. Natural barriers: Skin and mucous membranes
2. Biochemical barriers
What is the second line of immune defense?
✓~ inflammation
What is the third line of immune defense?
✓~ adaptive (acquired) immunity
,What are the physical and mechanical barriers that make up the first line of
the body's immune defense?
✓~ linings, so skin and mucosal epithelial cells, of the GI, GU, and respiratory tract
- skin and mucosal epithelial cells are really important for preventing microbes
from sneaking in between cells and getting into underlying tissues
How does skin and mucosal epithelial cells contribute to the body's immune
defense? (4 things)
✓~ 1. Sloughing: "washing off" and getting rid of microbes that are on them
2. Mechanical cleansing: cleaning of surfaces of GI tract like vomiting and
urinating
3. Goblet cells in respiratory tract- secrete mucous that coats surface of
epithelial cells and adds extra layer of protection, traps organisms, and then
sloughing off
, 4. Low skin temp: bacteria loves warm temperatures so - prohibits growth of
microbes since they prefer to grow in warm temps
What do epithelial-derived chemicals synthesize and secrete?
✓~ they synthesize and secrete substances to trap & destroy microorganisms
All biochemical barrier secretions contribute to...
✓~ acid skin surfaces
bacteria/microbes don't want to be in an acidic environment
What are examples of epithelial-derived chemicals?
✓~ sweat
saliva
tears
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