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NURS 5334 ANTIMICROBIALS EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
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NURS 5334 ANTIMICROBIALS EXAM WITHQUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Penicillin MOA
Beta-lactam antibiotics damage the cell wall, allowing bacteria to absorb large
amounts of water and rupture. They are bactericidal
How bacteria fight medicines.
(1) reduce a drug's concentration at its site of action, (2) modify the structure of
drug target molecules, (3) generate a drug antagonist, and (4) cause drug
inactivation.
How can antibiotics breed resistance?
(1) Microbes release chemicals that are poisonous to other microbes, and (2)
bacteria in a certain ecological region (e.g., large intestine, urogenital tract, and
skin) compete for available nutrients. Under drug-free conditions, the different
microorganisms in a given area keep each other in check. Furthermore, if none of
these organisms are drug-resistant, the introduction of antibiotics will be equally
harmful to all members of the community, promoting the expansion of no single
microorganism. If a drug-resistant organism is present, antibiotics will induce
selection pressure that favors its expansion by eliminating sensitive species.
What antibiotics promote resistance?
All antimicrobial medications encourage the development of drug-resistant
organisms. Broad-spectrum antibiotics kill more competing organisms than
narrow-spectrum medicines, hence they contribute the most to the emergence of
resistance.
What is conjugation?
,Conjugation is the process of transferring extrachromosomal DNA across bacteria.
What exactly does the NDM-1 gene do?
The NDM-1 gene, which produces a potent β-lactamase, causes widespread drug
resistance. It can inactivate almost all β-lactam antibiotics, including penicillins,
cephalosporins, and carbapenems. Because the NDM-1 gene resists carbapenems, it
is categorized as a carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE).
bacterial resistance to penicillin
(1) Penicillins' difficulty in reaching their targets (PBPs), (2) penicillin inactivation
by bacterial enzymes, and (3) the creation of PBPs with poor penicillin affinity.
Penicillin G Activity
Penicillin G is effective against the majority of Gram-positive bacteria (excluding
penicillinase-producing staphylococci), gram-negative cocci (Neisseria
meningitidis and non-penicillinase-producing strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae),
anaerobic bacteria, and spirochetes (including Treponema pallidum). With few
exceptions, gram-negative bacteria are resistant.
Penicillin G
Narrow-spectrum penicillin
The least harmful antibiotic
administered IV or IM.
Procaine Penicillin G may produce behavioral consequences.
Potassium penicillin G can cause hyperkalemia.
Patients with penicillin allergies may have a cross-allergy to?
,Cephalosporins
Penicillin causes a rapid effect.
occur two to thirty minutes following medication delivery.
mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies.
Penicillin accelerated the reaction.
Accelerated ANSWERs occur between 1 and 72 hours.
IgE antibodies act as mediators.
Penicillin delayed the reaction.
Reactions last from days to weeks.
Penicillin V (called VK)
Penicillin V has replaced penicillin G in oral therapy. Penicillin V can be taken
with meals.
A narrow spectrum?
Antistaphylococcal penicillins are narrow-spectrum penicillins that are resistant to
penicillinase.
Nafcillin, Oxacillin, and Dicloxacillin.
, Penicillins with significant β-lactamase resistance.
Broad-spectrum penicillin (aminopenicillins)
ampicillin with amoxicillin.
Most gram-positive bacteria (except penicillinase-producing staphylococci),
gram-negative cocci (Neisseria meningitidis and non-penicillinase-producing
strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae), anaerobic bacteria and spirochetes (including
Treponema pallidum), and certain gram-negative bacilli, including Haemophilus
influenzae, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella and Shigella species, are active.
Ineffective for S. Aureus
Ampicillin
The medicine is effective against infections caused by Enterococcus fecalis,
Proteus mirabilis, and E. coli, Salmonella and Shigella bacteria, and H. The most
common side effects of ampicillin are rash and diarrhea, which happen more
frequently than with any other penicillin.
Amoxicillin
When oral medication is necessary, amoxicillin is preferable. Amoxicillin produces
milder diarrhea than ampicillin, most likely because less amoxicillin lingers in the
intestine.
Extended-spectrum penicillin (antipseudomonal penicillins).
Piperacillin
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter species, Proteus species (indole positive),
Bacteroides fragilis, and many Klebsiella species, most gram-positive bacteria
(except penicillinase-producing staphylococci), gram-negative cocci (Neisseria
meningitidis and non-penicillinase-producing strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae),
anaerobic bacteria, and spirochetes (including Treponema pallidum), certain
gram-negative bacilli, including Haem
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