Bulimia Nervosa
~ a disorder characterized by frequent binge eating and self-induced vomiting
associated with loss on control related to eating and a persistent concern with body
image.
Parenteral nutrition (PN)
~ refers to the administration of nutrients by a route other than the GI tra...
Two major dysfunctions present in the process of cancer are:
✓~ :(1) defective cellular proliferation (growth) and (2) defective cellular
differentiation.
cancer cells divide indiscriminately and haphazardly and sometimes__
✓~ __produce more than two cells at the time of mitosis.
Through differentiation__
✓~ __cells become capable of performing only specific functions.
Protooncogenes are__
✓~ __normal cellular genes that are important regulators of normal cellular processes
that keep them in their mature, functioning state.
,When protooncogenes are mutated__
✓~ __they can begin to function as oncogenes (tumor-inducing genes).
Tumors can be classified as__
✓~ __benign or malignant.
Benign neoplasms are __
✓~ __well-differentiated.
Malignant neoplasms range from__
✓~ __well-differentiated to undifferentiated.
The stages of cancer include__
✓~ __initiation, promotion, and progression.
The first stage, initiation, is a __
, ✓~ __mutation in the cell's genetic structure resulting from an inherited mutation, an
error that occurs during DNA replication, or following exposure to a chemical,
radiation, or viral agent.
Promotion, the second stage in the development of cancer, is characterized by
__
✓~ __the reversible proliferation of the altered cells.
Progression, the final stage, is characterized by __
✓~ __increased growth rate of the tumor, increased invasiveness, and spread of the
cancer to a distant site (metastasis).
Metastasis is __
✓~ __a multistep process in which tumor cells travel to distant sites via lymphatic
and hematogenous routes.
The most frequent sites of metastasis are __
✓~ __lungs, bone, brain, liver, and adrenal glands.
, Since cancer cells arise from normal human cells__
✓~ __the immune response that is mounted against cancer cells may be inadequate to
effectively eradicate them.
Cancer cells may display altered cell surface antigens__
✓~ __called tumor-associated antigens, as a result of malignant transformation.
Immunologic surveillance is __
✓~ __response of the immune system to tumor-associated antigens.
The process by which cancer cells evade the immune system is termed __
✓~ __immunologic escape.
Tumors can be classified according to__
✓~ __anatomic site, histologic grading, and extent of disease (staging).
In the anatomic classification of tumors, the tumor is identified by__
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