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NURS 6902 EXAM 1 LATEST UPDATED

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NURS 6902 EXAM 1 LATEST UPDATED...

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  • August 8, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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  • NURS 6902
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NURS 6902 EXAM 1 LATEST UPDATED


cells - ANSWER smallest living units of an organism; 3 components - cell
membrane, cytoplasm, DN

Cell membrane - ANSWER separates the inside of the cell from the environment

cytoplasm - ANSWER jelly-like fluid

DNA - ANSWER cell's genetic material

2 categories of cells - ANSWER Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

eukaryotic cell - ANSWER has organelles, complex - plants and animals

prokaryotic cells - ANSWER no nucleus or membrane enclosed organelles; 1
celled - bacteria

organelles - ANSWER little organs; specialized parts of a cell that have a unique
job to perform

nucleus - the ANSWER control center of the cell

contains DNA/genetic material

chromatin - ANSWER tangled spread out form of DNA found inside the nuclear
membrane

chromosomes

nucleolus - ANSWER structure where ribosomes are made

ribosomes - ANSWER job of making proteins

endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - ANSWER 1. rough: ribosomes attach to it

2. smooth: does not have ribosomes

transports materials

proteins synthesized by ribosomes golgi body

,by folding or adding other materials

- lipids/carbohydrates

vacuoles - ANSWER sac-like structure that stores different materials

plant-cell - central vacuole stores water

lysosomes - ANSWER the garbage collectors; take in damaged or worn-out cell
parts

filled with enzymes that break down cellular debris

mitochondria - ANSWER powerhouse for both animal and cell parts

during cellular respiration, the mitochondria make ATP molecules which make
energy

cytoskeleton - ANSWER maintains shape

microfilaments

microtubules

microfilaments - ANSWER thread-like, made of protein

microtubules - ANSWER thin-hallow tubes

lung cells (cilia) - ANSWER microscopic, hair-like projections, that trap inhaled
particles and expel them when coughed

Bacteria (flagella) - ANSWER a tail that can help a cell move or propel itself

only human cell with flagella is a sperm cell

mitosis - ANSWER parent cell produces 2 daughter cells

important in tissue growth, tissue repair, tissue replacement

interphase - ANSWER cell prepares for division

G1 phase - new organelles produced, increase proteins, centrioles begin to replicate

S phase - DNA replicate

,G2 phase - cell growth continues; centriole replication completes

mitotic phase - ANSWER mitosis - division of nucleus

cytokinesis - division of cytoplasm

prophase - ANSWER chromatin is further condensed to form chromosomes

spindle fibers begin to grow from 2 centrioles pushing them apart to a point where
they lie at opposite ends or poles of the cell

nuclear membrane disassembles

metaphase - ANSWER spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes

aligning them in the middle of the cell

anaphase - ANSWER centromeres that held the sister chromatids together separate
and sister chromatids are pulled by the spindle fibers toward the poles or ends of
the cell

each chromatid is a chromosome with its own centromere

cytokinesis begins

telophase - ANSWER new nuclear envelope forms around the chromosomes, a
nucleolus reforms within the nucleus

spindle fibers break up and disappear

chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin

cytokinesis continues

pathophysiology - ANSWER study of the disorder or breakdown of the human
body's function

pathogenesis - ANSWER development and evolution of a disease

affected by time, quantity, location, and morphologic changes

cell differentiation - ANSWER proliferated cells become different and specialized

begins after fertilization

, generalized to specific

atrophy - ANSWER decrease in cell size and number

hypertrophy - ANSWER increase in cell size

hyperplasia - ANSWER increase in the number of cells

metaplasia - ANSWER differentiated cell is replaced by another different type of
cell

dysplasia - ANSWER cells of different size, shape, and appearance

(DNA damage, lack of apoptosis, growth without growth factors)

cell injury - ANSWER most disease start with cell injury

can be reversible or irreversible

normal states, it is balanced with cell renewal

types: physical agents, radiation, chemical, biological, and nutritional imbalances



physical agents of cell injury - ANSWER mechanical forces, extreme temp,
electrical



radiation cell injury - ANSWER ionizing, ultraviolet, non-ionizing



chemical cell injury - ANSWER poisoning, drugs



mechanism of injury: hypoxic injury - ANSWER ischemia, anoxia, necrosis



mechanism of injury: reperfusion injury - ANSWER replace the oxygen, free
radicals

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