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NURS 6902 EXAM 1 LATEST UPDATED
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NURS 6902 EXAM 1 LATEST UPDATEDcells - ANSWER smallest living units of an organism; 3 components - cell
membrane, cytoplasm, DN
Cell membrane - ANSWER separates the inside of the cell from the environment
cytoplasm - ANSWER jelly-like fluid
DNA - ANSWER cell's genetic material
2 categories of cells - ANSWER Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
eukaryotic cell - ANSWER has organelles, complex - plants and animals
prokaryotic cells - ANSWER no nucleus or membrane enclosed organelles; 1
celled - bacteria
organelles - ANSWER little organs; specialized parts of a cell that have a unique
job to perform
nucleus - the ANSWER control center of the cell
contains DNA/genetic material
chromatin - ANSWER tangled spread out form of DNA found inside the nuclear
membrane
chromosomes
nucleolus - ANSWER structure where ribosomes are made
ribosomes - ANSWER job of making proteins
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - ANSWER 1. rough: ribosomes attach to it
2. smooth: does not have ribosomes
transports materials
proteins synthesized by ribosomes golgi body
,by folding or adding other materials
- lipids/carbohydrates
vacuoles - ANSWER sac-like structure that stores different materials
plant-cell - central vacuole stores water
lysosomes - ANSWER the garbage collectors; take in damaged or worn-out cell
parts
filled with enzymes that break down cellular debris
mitochondria - ANSWER powerhouse for both animal and cell parts
during cellular respiration, the mitochondria make ATP molecules which make
energy
cytoskeleton - ANSWER maintains shape
microfilaments
microtubules
microfilaments - ANSWER thread-like, made of protein
microtubules - ANSWER thin-hallow tubes
lung cells (cilia) - ANSWER microscopic, hair-like projections, that trap inhaled
particles and expel them when coughed
Bacteria (flagella) - ANSWER a tail that can help a cell move or propel itself
only human cell with flagella is a sperm cell
mitosis - ANSWER parent cell produces 2 daughter cells
important in tissue growth, tissue repair, tissue replacement
interphase - ANSWER cell prepares for division
G1 phase - new organelles produced, increase proteins, centrioles begin to replicate
S phase - DNA replicate
,G2 phase - cell growth continues; centriole replication completes
mitotic phase - ANSWER mitosis - division of nucleus
cytokinesis - division of cytoplasm
prophase - ANSWER chromatin is further condensed to form chromosomes
spindle fibers begin to grow from 2 centrioles pushing them apart to a point where
they lie at opposite ends or poles of the cell
nuclear membrane disassembles
metaphase - ANSWER spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes
aligning them in the middle of the cell
anaphase - ANSWER centromeres that held the sister chromatids together separate
and sister chromatids are pulled by the spindle fibers toward the poles or ends of
the cell
each chromatid is a chromosome with its own centromere
cytokinesis begins
telophase - ANSWER new nuclear envelope forms around the chromosomes, a
nucleolus reforms within the nucleus
spindle fibers break up and disappear
chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin
cytokinesis continues
pathophysiology - ANSWER study of the disorder or breakdown of the human
body's function
pathogenesis - ANSWER development and evolution of a disease
affected by time, quantity, location, and morphologic changes
cell differentiation - ANSWER proliferated cells become different and specialized
begins after fertilization
, generalized to specific
atrophy - ANSWER decrease in cell size and number
hypertrophy - ANSWER increase in cell size
hyperplasia - ANSWER increase in the number of cells
metaplasia - ANSWER differentiated cell is replaced by another different type of
cell
dysplasia - ANSWER cells of different size, shape, and appearance
(DNA damage, lack of apoptosis, growth without growth factors)
cell injury - ANSWER most disease start with cell injury
can be reversible or irreversible
normal states, it is balanced with cell renewal
types: physical agents, radiation, chemical, biological, and nutritional imbalances
physical agents of cell injury - ANSWER mechanical forces, extreme temp,
electrical
radiation cell injury - ANSWER ionizing, ultraviolet, non-ionizing
chemical cell injury - ANSWER poisoning, drugs
mechanism of injury: hypoxic injury - ANSWER ischemia, anoxia, necrosis
mechanism of injury: reperfusion injury - ANSWER replace the oxygen, free
radicals
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