alkane - the default functional group, lack of multiple bonds, no heteroatoms
alkene - a carbon-carbon double bond
alkyne - a carbon-carbon triple bond
aromatic - ring structure with alternating single and double bonds, most commonly benzene
alcohol - a single oxygen attached to H and an R-group
(make sure it's not part of a carboxylic acid)
ether - a single oxygen attached to 2 R-groups
(make sure it's not part of an ester)
carbonyl - a carbon-oxygen double bond
ketone - a carbonyl group attached to 2 R-groups stemming from the C (R-groups cannot be H)
aldehyde - a carbonyl group with one R-group attached to the C and one hydrogen
carboxylic acid - a carbonyl group with one R-group attached to the C and one OH group
ester - a carbonyl group with one R-group attached to the C and one OR group
amine - a nitrogen atom attached to 3 R-groups (can be H)
(make sure it's not part of an amide)
, amide - a carbonyl group with one R-group attached to the C and one NR2 group
methane (side chain known as methyl) - 1 carbon
CH₄
ethane (side chain known as ethyl) - 2 carbons
CH₃CH₃
propane (side chain known as propyl) - 3 carbons
CH₃CH₂CH₃
butane (side chain known as butyl) - 4 carbons
CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₃
pentane (side chain known as pentyl) - 5 carbons
CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃
hexane (side chain known as hexyl) - 6 carbons
CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃
heptane (side chain known as heptyl) - 7 carbons
CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃
octane (side chain known as octyl) - 8 carbons
CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃
nonane (side chain known as nonyl) - 9 carbons
CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃
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