What does systemic effect mean? - Affecting the entire body, rather than a single organ or body part
What is cumulative effect? - A term used to describe how exposure to more than one chemical might
affect the body.
Why are medications given - To help relieve symptoms or cure diseases
Factors that affect absorption - Lipid solubility, food, hemodynamics, diseases, molecular size, chemical
nature, degree of ionization, disintegration time, ionization and gastric emptying, medications, presence
of other substances
What is metabolism, excretion, distribution, absorption - Metabolism - The chemical reactions in the
body's cells that change food into energy
Excretion - The elimination of waste products from the body
Distribution - The disbursement of an unmetabolized drug as it moves through the body's blood and
tissues
Absorption - The transportation of the unmetabolized drug from the site of administration to the body
circulation system
Synergistic effect - The interaction of two or more drugs when their combined effect is greater than the
sum of the effects seen when each drug is given alone.
Antagonistic effect - An inhibitory mechanism where one drug blocks or reduces the effect of another
drug.
What is the generic name/trade name - Generic drug - refers to a drug produced after the active
ingredient of the brand name drug
Trade name - refers to the name giving by the producing company
,What is a synthetic drug - A substance that is man-made by synthesis, rather than being produced by
nature
What are the forms of medication - Liquid, tablet, capsules, topical medicines, suppositories, drops,
inhalers, injections, implants or patches, buccal or sublingual tablets, and further tips
What does medication action mean - A term used to describe how a drug or other substance produces
an effect in the body
Which drugs are absorbed the fastest/slowest - Fastest - Intravenously
Slowest - Transdermal application
Does the dosage affect the absorption - no
What does enteric coating mean - When a tablet or capsule is coated with a substance that prevents the
medication from being released until it reaches the small intestine, where it can then be absorbed
What does half life mean - The time it takes for the amount of a drug's active substance in your body to
reduce by half
Abbreviations -
OU
OS
OD
QD
BID
TID
PO
SL
, HS
Q12
PC
AC - OU - Both eyes
OS - Left eye
OD - Right eye
QD - Daily
BID - Twice daily
TID - Three times a day
PO - By mouth
SL - Sublingually
HS - Bedtime
Q12 - Every 12 hours
PC - 30 Mins after meals
AC - 30 Mins before meals
Apothecary - The oldest system of measurement. Usually expressed in lower or upper case Roman
numerals and is gradually being replaced by the metric system
Metric - Uses numbers before abbreviations to designate amounts. The most preferred system in
medicine. Any amount less than a whole number must have a zero and a period in front of it
Household - Used in the home for administering medications with varying types of measuring devices.
This system uses numbers and fractions
Topical medications - Applied to specific site (Creams, ointments, and lotions)
What's included in a medication order - Must specify the date and time the order was written, name of
resident, name of medication, drug dosage, frequency of administration, and route of administration.
Order must also include the signature of the ordering practitioner
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