Transcription - segments of the DNA sequence are used as templates for the synthesis
of shorter molecules of the closely related polymer ribonucleic acid or DNA
Gene - The segment of DNA sequence corresponding to a single protein or set of
alternative protein variants or to a single catalytic, regulatory or structural RNA
molecule.
Transport protein - determines which molecules enter the cell
catalytic protein - determine the reactions that those molecules undergo
organotrophic - organisms that feed off of other living creatures or the organic chemicals
they produce. They cannot exist without the primary energy converters (phototrophics
and. lithotrophics)
phototrophic - Organisms that get their free energy from non-living world and in fact they
harvest the energy of sunlight. e.g. many types of bacteria, algae, and plants. The by-
product of their biosynthetic activities is oxygen.
Lithotrophic - (Feeding on rock) mostly are found in in-obvious habitats, such as deep in
the ocean, buried in the earth's crust, or in various other inhospitable environments.
What does the tree of life consist of? - Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryotes
intragenic mutation - an existing gene can be randomly modified by changes in its DNA
sequence, through various types of error that occur mainly in the process of DNA
replication
gene duplication - an existing gene can be accidentally duplicated so as to create a pair
of initially identical genes within a single cell; these two genes may then diverge in the
course of evolution
DNA segment shuffling - two or more existing genes can break and rejoin to make a
hybrid gene consisting of DNA segments that originally belonged to separate genes
Horizontal (intracellular) transfer - A piece of DNA can be transferred from the genome
of one cell to that of another- even to that of another species. This process is in contrast
with the usual vertical transfer of genetic information from parent to progeny.
Orthologs - genes in two separate species that derive from the same ancestral gene in
the last common ancestor of those two species
, Paralogs - Related genes that have resulted from a gene duplication event within a
single genome—and are likely to have diverged in their function
homologs - genes that are related by descent in either way
Four types of non-covalent attractions - - Electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds)
- hydrogen bonds
- Van der Waals attractions
- Hydrophobic force
Buffers - Weak acids or bases that can release or take up protons near pH 7, keeping
the environment of the cell relatively constant under a variety of conditions
organic molecules - the carbon compounds made by cells
4 major families of small organic molecules - sugars, fatty acids, amino acids,
nucleotides
The major inorganic ions include - Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Cl-
condensaton - addition of a monomer onto the end of a growing chain, in which one
molecule of water is lost with each subunit added
hydrolysis reaction - A chemical reaction that breaks apart a larger molecule by adding
a molecule of water
The two types of nitrogen-containing ring compounds are: - pyrimidines and purines
Pyrimidines - cytosine, thymine, uracil
Purines - Adenine and Guanine
Nucleotides are made up of - a nitrogen-containing base, a five carbon sugar, and one
or more phosphate groups. Nucleotides are the subunits of the nucleic acids.
Nucleotides are abbreviated by - Three capital letters. E.g. AMP(Adenosine
monophosphate), dAMP (deoxyadenosine monophosphate), UDP(Uridine diphosphate)
and ATP(Adenosine triphosphate
Nucleoside - base + sugar for example, adenosine (A), guanosine (G), cytidine (C),
Uridine (U), and Thymidine (T).
How are nucleic acids formed? - Phosphodiester bonds between mononucleotides
Functions of nucleotides - 1. They carry chemical energy in their easily hydrolyzed
phosphoanhydride bonds, e.g. ATP
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