Bio 252 Exam 3 Study Questions and Correct Answers
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Course
BIO 252
Institution
BIO 252
Parts of ECMprotein fibers (along with elastic fibers and reticular fibers)
GAG help retain water in skin
Proteoglycans trap salts and ions
Glycoproteins help attach cells to ECM
Collagen fibersprovide resistance to longitudinal tensile/pulling forces.
Compression or torsion
Fibroblastsproduc...
Parallel elastic fibers with randomly placed collagen.
Adipose tissue✅connective tissue proper
,Fibroblasts and ECM present, but primarily adipocytes. Insulation, warmth, shock
absorption, protection, and energy reserve.
White fat: energy storage
Brown fat: energy burning (brown from mitochondria), heat generation by 4CP1
(disrupts H+ gradient)- high in babies to regulate body temperature.
Cartilage✅tough flexible tissue found between joints in bones, the ear, nose, and
respiratory passages. Absorbs shock and resistance to force. Consists of ECM and
cells. Generally avascular (no blood). O2 diffusion.
Chondroblasts✅immature, rapidly divide, and generate ECM.
Chondrocytes✅mature and inactive. Produce ECM
Hyaline cartilage✅most abundant, mostly ground substance and fine collagen bundles.
Found at end of bones that forms joints.
Fibrocartilage✅Predominantly collagen bundles and fibroblasts, chondrocytes and
chondroblasts. Involved in distributing forces between two bones in a joint.
Elastic cartilage✅Primarily made of elastic fibers. Give vibration for hearing.
Blood✅platelets (blood clotting), red blood cells (oxygen carrying), and white blood
cells
65% hydroxyapatite crystals (inorganic matrix)- source of calcium to give strength and
rigidity.
35% collage and osteoid (ground substance)- bring in water to resist compression
Bone supplements for dogs: cosequin (proteoglycan), nutritional supplements don't do
much in research.
Organic and inorganic matrices✅work together to promote bone strength and function
Remove organic: bone becomes brittle and shatters
Remove inorganic: bone can't resist compression, becomes flexible
Osteocyte✅maintains bone tissue, main cells
,Osteoblast✅bone builders, form bone matrix
Osteogenic cell✅stem cell that differentiate into osteoblasts.
Osteoclast✅bone breakers, reabsorb bone
Osteoblasts and osteocytes✅1. Osteogenic cells differentiate into osteoblasts
2. Osteoblasts deposit bone until they are trapped and become osteocytes
3. Osteocytes maintain the bone ECM
Osteocyte cont.✅mature bone cells that are amniotic, derived from osteoblasts.
Though to be mechanosensory cells that control activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
Communicate with other osteocytes via gap junctions
Osteoclasts cont.✅bone breakers and border of bone.
Secrete enzymes and H+ to break down bone and take up ions.
Periosteum✅dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds bone (vascular)
Perforating fibers✅penetrate bone and secure periosteum
Endosteum✅thinner connective tissue within the bone
Diaphysis✅shaft of long bone
Epiphysis✅enlarged rounded ends of long bone
Articular cartilage✅can be both hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage; reduces friction
Medullary cavity✅hollow cavity within diaphysis of long bone that houses marrow
Epiphyseal plate✅line of hyaline cartilage from which long bones grow in length
How does blood get into bone tissue?✅1. Periosteum supplies the compact bone
2. Nutrient foramen: small hole in diaphysis where nutrient arteries enter the medullary
cavity.
Bone marrow✅yellow marrow: blood vessels and adipocytes
Red marrow: reticular fibers (web-like structures) that support hematopoietic cells.
, Osteon✅compact bone
Cylindrical "tree trunk like" structure that contain ECM and osteocytes connected by
caliculi
Lumallae✅compact bone
Layers of compact matrix. Tree "rings"- provide strength due to collagen fiber in differing
directions
Central cavity✅compact bone
Haversian canal: passage where blood vessels that supply the bone are present.
Lacunae✅compact bone
Small cavities where osteocytes reside. Filled with ECF and located between lamellae.
1 in 1.
Canaliculi✅compact bone
Canals of the bone tissue that connect lacunae. Osteocyte processes extend through to
communicate with one another via gap junctions.
Interstitial lamellae✅compact bone
Lamellae between osteons. Remnants of resorbed osteons
Circumferential lamellae✅compact bone
Deep to periosteum and superficial to spongy bone that provide strength and tension.
Spongy bone✅non-weight bearing component of bone.
Protects bone marrow
Traberculae✅structures covered with endosteum and devoid of osteons.
Concentric lamellae present
Blood supply from bone marrow
Osteogenesis✅ossification
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