Wild Life and Conservation
- one male to many females
White tail deer: polygynous
2 fawns per female
Habitat can support 100 adults
50 males/ 50 females = 100 offspring
30 males/ 70 females = 140 offspring
70 males / 30 females = 60 offspring - ANS-polygynous
-100 deer
-Food for 80 deer, 20 could starve
-Wolves eat 15 deer
-Instead of 35 deer dying, maybe only 23 die - ANS-Compensatory mortality
-A relationship between organisms where one benefits and the other organism is not affected
-White bird eats insects and live near herds of cow
-Remora fish hang out around sharks and rays and they get
rides from them and eat their crumbs - ANS-Commensalism (+/0)
-About 5,500 (roughly 965 in North America)
-Bats (20%) and rodents (40%) account for more than Half of all mammal species in the world -
ANS-Mammals
-approximately one day
Tarsier= nocturnal (active during the night)
Ostrich= diurnal (active during the day)
Mountain Lion = crepuscular (dawn and dusk, two time periods of activity) - ANS-Circadian
Rhythms:
-approximately one year
-Seasonal behaviors patterns like molting, breeding, hibernation and migration which are
influenced by day length
-Periodic movements from one location to another
-Example: breeding areas
-Response to changing resources
-Food, water - ANS-Circannual Rhythms
-Bacteria and other funguses
-Helping cause that decay - ANS-Decomposers
-Behaviors directed towards, or taking place between, members of the same species
, -Communication: provokes a response without acting directly on the receiver
-Helpful Behaviors
-Ex: birds work together (beta male helps alpha male mate
with female)
-Altruism (benefictional to the whole but could be detrimental to the person themselves)
-Vervet Monkey Alarm Call
- Different calls for different predators
-Vampire bats
-Regenerate some of meal - ANS-Social Behavior
-Both species involved in the relationship benefit. Many times the relationship is obligatory,
meaning that the species cannot live without each other
-Honey Bee and flower
-Clownfish (removes bacteria) and anemone (provides protection) - ANS-Mutualism (+/+)
-Climates areas similar in different parts of the world
-So we see similar communities in different parts of the world
-But not necessarily the same species, rather, the same adaptations to the local climate -
ANS-Biomes
-Deaths over time
-Death rate
-Changes throughout the life cycle of an organism
-Often high, particularly in young individuals - ANS-Mortality
-Different levels of Fecundity and Production
-There are two main reproductive strategies
-R- strategist (fish, rabbits, crickets)
-K- strategist (Rhino, Tiger, Kangeroos)
-Some organisms have characteristics of both - ANS-Reproductive Strategies
-Each level going up in the pyramid of energy loses energy( decreasing rate of energy flow)
-10 percent rule of thumb= about 10 percent of the energy used in one trophic level is available
to the next - ANS-Energy Loss
-Eat decayed leaves (energy does not come from a producer)
-They help break down material later for producers - ANS-Detritivores
-Ernest Hackel
-Home Study
-The study of interactions between organisms and their environment - ANS-Ecology
-Factors that prevent unlimited population growth
-May be dependent on population density or unrelated to density
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