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Summary IGCSE PHYSICS NOTES
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Summary of 6 pages for the course IGCSE at IGCSE (physics igcse)
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17/05/2023, 22:43 air and waterair and water
water
testing for water
1. cobalt (II) chloride
changes from blue to pink
when desiccated (dried) it goes back from pink to blue.
https://www.notion.so/air-and-water-1e393f8bc39e4bc0992667a44b88868a 1/6
, 17/05/2023, 22:43 air and water
2. copper (II) sulfate
white in anhydrous state (salts that dont contain water)
white to blue
water treatment
the two main problems with water: floating debris which could clog up plumbing
and microorganisms which make people ill or can kill them
the first stage of this process is filtration. here unclean water is pumped through
large screens which removes any floating material present. then the water is
passed through coarse gravel which removes any of the large insoluble particles.
to remove the microorganisms the chlorine gas is bubbled through it. this can
make the water acidic so it can be treated with an alkali to ensure that it is neutral
and to ensure that it is safe to drink.
air
nitrogen- 78%
oxygen- 21%
other 1% is noble gases, water vapour and carbon dioxide
the common pollutants of air are
• carbon monoxide. this is a colorless insoluble odourless gas which is formed
from the incomplete combustion of carbon containing substances. this gas
combines with the haemoglobin in the blood and prevents it from carrying
oxygen which can cause death.
• nitrogen oxides. these form when nitrogen and oxygen react together inside
of car engines. nitrogen is extremely unreactive however it does react due to
the high temperatures in the car engine. this can cause respiratory problems
and dissolve in the rain to give acid rain.
• sulfur dioxide an acidic gas with a sharp smell. this is formed from the
combustion of fossil fuels which contain sulfur compounds. this irritates the
eyes and throat and causes respiratory problems. this also leads to acid rain.
https://www.notion.so/air-and-water-1e393f8bc39e4bc0992667a44b88868a 2/6
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