ore deposit
~ -a "mineral" deposit that can be "mined" profitably
velocity of p waves
~ vp = sqrt((k + 4/3m)/ p)
-directly proportional to the elasticity
-inversely proportional to density
Solutions for population decline
~ 1) immigration
2) raise retirement age
3) encourage women to have ...
Steps to assess future of non-renewable resources (4)
✓✓✓✓~ 1) Assess the rate of usage
2) Make a geological estimate of the total amount of the resource that is available
3) Extrapolate rate into future to find time of expiry
4) Model the different future rates to determine ultimate limits
Five reservoirs of Earth System
✓✓✓✓~ 1) Atmosphere
2) Hydrosphere (water + ice)
3) solid Earth (rocks + soil)
4) life (biota)
5) stars and planets
How has the plate tectonic cycle affected the Earth?
✓✓✓✓~ 1) joined North and South America -> which affected ocean currents
2) pushed up Himalayan mountains -> which affected the air flow, and increased rates of
weathering ->increased weathering provided nutrients washed to the sea
(dramatically increasing number of micro organisms)
Rock Weather Cycle
, ✓✓✓✓~ CaSiO3 (rock) + CO2 (in air) -> CaCO3 + SiO2 (washed in solution to the sea ->
life forms build shells of CaCO3
Times of Coal Formation Peaks
✓✓✓✓~ 1) 300 million years ago (first major land plants)
2) 80 million years ago (first flowering plants)
Ways to know CO2 and O2 levels 300 million years ago (3)
✓✓✓✓~ 1) computer modelling
2) Evidence in rocks (eg charcoal in coal beds indicates high O2)
3) air bubbles trapped in amber
Gaia hypothesis
✓✓✓✓~ -views Earth as 'living organism' -James Lovelock
Effects of Impact of meteorite
✓✓✓✓~ -dark skies
-acid rain
-ozone destruction
-long-term greenhouse heating
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