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Human Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Study Guide and Practice Questions/ Latest 2024/2025.
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Human Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Study Guide and Practice Questions/ Latest 2024/2025.
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Human Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Study Guide andPractice Questions/ Latest 2024/2025.
Anatomy and Physiology
Exam 3 Study Guide
Muscle Tissue
Identify the criteria used to classify muscle, then differentiate the three muscle types using
these criteria.
Criteria = striations, nervous control, number of nuclei.
Skeletal striated, voluntary, multinucleated
Cardiac striated, involuntary, one nucleus (intercalated discs, striations branch more)
Smooth non-striated, involuntary, one nucleus (“spindle cells” because they taper at both
ends)
Describe the properties common to all muscle types.
• Excitability = responds to a stimulus
• Contractility = ability to shorten/thicken; no muscle will contract unless it is
stimulated to contract impulse carried by nervous system, muscle reacts by
contracting
• Extensibility = can stretch, work in antagonistic pairs in skeletal muscle
• Elasticity = can return back to resting state after shortening/thickening
Explain the functions of muscle.
Motion – any muscle contraction results in motion
Contraction of cardiac muscle moves blood
• Contraction of smooth muscle propels food, releases urine
• Contraction of skeletal muscle = locomotion
Maintenance of posture – skeletal muscle contraction opposes gravity
Stabilizing joints – muscles surround join are partially contracted to give strength
Heat production – any muscle contraction produces heat
Examine the gross anatomical features of skeletal muscle.
Muscle = 100s-1000s of individual muscle cells
• Skeletal muscle fibers
• Blood vessels – deliver oxygen and glycogen
• Nerve fibers – carry impulse for stimulation
• Connective tissue
Attachment – indirect or direct; tendons and aponeurosis Epimysium = connective tissue
around the entire muscle; dense irregular connective tissue
pg. 1
, Fascicle = bundle of muscle cells, covered by the perimysium
Perimysium = connective tissue covering fascicle
Muscle fiber = muscle cell = myofiber
Endomysium = connective tissue surrounding the individual
muscle cell; reticular connective tissue
Describe the types of muscle attachments.
Direct attachment = muscle fuses to periosteum
Indirect attachment = tendon attaches muscle to bone
• Tendon – rope-like extension of connective tissue
• Aponeurosis – sheet of connective tissue (palmar
aponeurosis)
Origin = attachment of the muscle to the immovable bone
Insertion = attachment to the movable bone
Can have more than one origin/insertion
Explore the microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle and the
specific arrangement of each element in relation to the others.
• Myofibers – cells run the length of the muscle
• Sarcolemma – plasma membrane of a muscle cell; given a special name because of
change in the cell during embryonic development
• Sarcoplasm – cytoplasm of a muscle cell; store their own glycogen for contraction o
Myoglobin = pigment that stores oxygen in muscle
• Nuclei – multiple per cell
• Myofibrils – contractile components of muscle; myofibers contain myofibrils
• Sarcoplasmic reticulum – modified ER, surrounds the myofibrils
• T tubule – 1/3 of a triad, run longitudinally; interrupted by terminal cisternae
(perpendicular channels, 2/3 of triad)
pg. 2
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