PSYC 228 Final Exam Questions And Answers. Verified and Updated
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PSYC 228
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PSYC 228
PSYC 228 Final Exam Questions And
Answers. Verified and Updated
Unit 1: Chapter 1 & 2
1: Briefly describe the five key issues associated with the understanding of human development.
Of the five issues, which ones do you find most compelling and why? - answer- 1: Nature vs
Nurture: Nature is th...
PSYC 228 Final Exam Questions And
Answers. Verified and Updated
Unit 1: Chapter 1 & 2
1: Briefly describe the five key issues associated with the understanding of human development.
Of the five issues, which ones do you find most compelling and why? - answer✔✔- 1: Nature vs
Nurture: Nature is that we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic in heritance and
other biological factors. Nurture is generally taken as the influence of external factors after
conception: example the product of exposure, life experiences and learning on an individual.
Nature: genes and hereditary factors, physical appearance, personality characteristics.
Nurture: Environment variables, childhood eUxperiences how we are raised by social
relationships, surrounding culture.
- 2: Continuity and discontinuity: Continuity view says that change is gradual. Characteristics or
features of an individual that stays the same as person matures through the lifespan. (ex: thinking
talking, acting)
The discontinuity view sees development as more of changes that produce different behaviors in
different age-specific life periods called stages. Discontinuity view believes that people go
through the same stages the same order but not necessarily the same rate.
3: Development stability & instability: Everyone develops at the same rate.
Development instability: Individuals are developing changing in different ways compared with
one another. (Different rate than their peers).
4: Normative events vs non-normative events: Normative events refer to something that affects
everyone in a culture at the same time or an incident that matches the sequential and historical
events shared by the majority of people.
Non- Normative event an incident that not happens to everyone or that happens at a different
time than typically experienced by others.
5: Socio-cultural variation: Socio-cultural factors include:
· Gender: Expectations that a given culture associates with a person's biological sex.
· Race: A way of categorizing humans that typically focuses on physical traits.
· Ethnicity: A specific set of physical, cultural,
EXAM STUDY MATERIALS July 24, 2024 1:33:58 PM
,2: Describe the psychodynamic approach on human development. Compare and contrast the
psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud with the psychosocial theory of Erik Erikson. -
answer✔✔- Sigmung freud and his student Erickson introduced the first psychodynamics
theories and the idea that human growth and motivation and progression are through universal
and developmental stages it also stresses early life experiences in shaping and determining adult
personality and behavior.
- Levels of consciousness. Freud compared the mind to an iceberg. Only about one tenth of our
mind is conscious and rest of the mind is unconscious. Unacceptable urges and desires are kept
in our unconscious through a process called repression. He thinks our personality develops from
a conflict between two forces: Our biological aggressive and pleasure seeking drives versus or
internal (socialized ) control over their drives.
Theory of psychosexual development: Freud believed that personality develops during early
childhood. And if we do not have proper nurturing and parenting during a stage we will be stuck
or fixated (obsessed with) in that stage, even as adult.
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
- Erik Erickson ( Psychosocial theory eight stages)
In each stage conflicting ideas must be resolved in order for a person to be confident. Failure to
master these will lead to a deficiency in feelings.
1: Infancy: 0-1 : trust (mistrust)-> mother and caregiver-> resecure-> hope: trust and confidence.
2: Early childhood: 2-3-> Autonomy (doubt, shame) -> parents -> be independent -> will: Use
and exercise freedom and self retraint.
3: Childhood: 4-6 -> initiative (guilt) - basic family -> be powerful -> Purpose and distinction ->
Ability to intimate own activities, pressure goals.
4: Childhood: 7-12 -> industry (inferiority) -> neighborhood (school) -> be good -> Competence
in intellectual, social and physical skills.
5: Adolescence: 113- 19-> identity (role confusion) -> peer groups -> fit into adult world.. of
who am I? -> Fidelity a
3: Describe the cognitive perspective on human development. Compare and contrast the Piaget's
theory of cognitive development with Vgotsky's. How do these theories differ from the
information processing approach to cognition? - answer✔✔- Cognitive perspectives focus on
how our thinking develops.
Jean Piaget theory: Children construct on understanding of the world around them, then
experience what they already know and what they discover in their environment.
- 3 basic components to his cognitive theory:
EXAM STUDY MATERIALS July 24, 2024 1:33:58 PM
,· Schemas (building blocks of knowledge) Organized patterns of thinking that our experience in
the world. Ex: babies have initiate schemas like sucking thumb. These reflexes are already
programmed in us.
· Viewed intellectual growth: (Assimilation)- using an existing knowledge (schema) to deal with
new object or situation. (Accommodation)- This happens when existing schema does not walk
and change to deal with new object or situation.
· And turns into equilibrium.
- 4 Stages of cognitive development: ( intellectual development)
1: Sensorimotor: Birth to age 2 during this stage is object permance knowing that object still
exists, even If its hidden. Children at this age play with their food.
2: Preoperational stage (2-7) thinks about things symbolically. Thinking is still self-interested;
infant has difficulty taking viewpoints of others. Ex: Children often believe moon follows them.
3: Concrete operational stage (7-11) major turning point in child cognitive development because
marks beginning of logical thought. Child can work out things in head. Ex: Begin question
existence of santa.
4: Formal orientation stage ( 11 years and over) starts at 11 lasts into adulthood. Ex: Children
show great concern for physical appearance.
- Lev Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development. In contrast to piaget who believed all of us
progress through the same stages of development in much the same order, Vygotsky viewed a
child's unique social world as the main influence on cognitive change. Vygotsky theory is
sociocultural theory with view that human development as a
4: Describe the behavioral perspective on human development. Discuss the three types of
behavioral learning mechanisms. How do they differ? How are they the same? - answer✔✔- 1:
Classical conditioning: Classical conditioning helps us to understand how our responses to one
situation become attached to new situations. For example a smell might remind us of time when
we were a kid. Classical conditioning explains how we develop many of our emotional responses
to people, events or "gut level" reactions to situations. Now situations may bring out an old
response because the two have become connected. "Pavlov" for classical conditioning: was
interested in studying digestion.
- A "learned" response is called " conditioned" response"
- Conditioned stimulus: Something that triggers.
- One is natural ( unconditioned)
Watson and Behaviorism: He believed that most of our fears and other emotional responses are
classically conditioned. He believed that parents could be thought to help shape their children's
EXAM STUDY MATERIALS July 24, 2024 1:33:58 PM
, behavior and tried to demonstrate the power of classical conditioning with his famous
experiment of rat and Albert child.
2: Operant conditioning: Is another learning theory that implies a more conscious type of
learning than that of classical conditioning. A person (or animal) does something to see what
effects it might bring. Operant conditioning describes how we repeat behaviors because they pay
off for us. Skinner and reinforcement: Skinner believed that we learn best when our actions are
reinforced (the outcome could be good ex: child cleaning room could get a cookie and more
likely to do it again than a child who is gone unnoticed.) Positive and negative reinforcement:
Positive reinforcement involves adding something to the situation in order to encourage a
behavior ex: of cleaning room. Negative reinforcement would be children whining and parents
give them something to stop. There are both negative and positive form of reinforcement and
punishments. In operant conditioning the term positive
5: Describe the evolution-based perspectives on development and briefly compare them to the
previous three perspectives. How is it is different? Describe the developmental systems
perspective and its four major assumptions. - answer✔✔- The evolutionary perspective of
personality and individual proposes that our personalities and individual differences have
evolved in the past to provide us with some form of adaptive advantage in the content of survival
and production. 4 major assumptions are:
1: Human development occurs throughout the life span from birth through death.
2: Human development shapes and is shaped by intersections between people and the contents in
which the live including family and community.
3: Lifespan human development is not static across time, but varies in different historical
periods.
4: Normal human development is diverse; there is great normal variation in the way people
change across the lifespan.
6: Describe the scientific method and why it is important. What is the difference between applied
research and basic research? What is the difference between quantitative data and qualitative
data? How is exploratory research different from descriptive research? - answer✔✔- The
scientific method is the specific procedure researchers use to ask and explore scientific questions
in a way that makes connections between observations and leads to understanding.
Developmental researchers gather and interpret information using the scientific method and steps
in the research process to describe, explain, and optimize human development across the
lifespan.
Step 1: Select topic
Step 2: Focus question
Step 3: Design study
EXAM STUDY MATERIALS July 24, 2024 1:33:58 PM
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