NUR 529 Exam 2 Questions And Answers.
Verified And Updated.
Systemic arterial pressure - answer✔✔is the main source of afterload on the left heart, Left
ventricle afterload is increased with narrowing (stenosis) of the aortic valve
Stages of Hemostasis - answer✔✔Vessel Spasm, formation of the platelet plug, blood
coagulation (clot retraction, clot dissolution)
Vessel Spasm - answer✔✔First stage of hemostasis, constricts the vessel and reduces blood
flow. It is a transient event that usually lasts minutes or hours.
Formation of the platelet plug - answer✔✔Second stage of hemostasis, 1. platelets are attracted
to damaged vessel wall. 2. activation by sub-endothelial tissue. 3. change from smooth disks to
spiny spheres. 4. exposing glycoprotein receptors on their surfaces. This step requires a protein
molecule called von Willebrand factor that leaks into the injured tissue from the plasma.
(adhesion, activation, aggregation)
During Hemostasis, platelets change from ..... - answer✔✔Smooth disks to spiny spheres
von Willebrand factor - answer✔✔Formation of the platelet plug requires a protein molecule
called (helps platelets stick together)
Glycoprotein Receptors - answer✔✔Exposed during the formation of the platelet plug when
platelets change from smooth disks to spiny spheres
1.Blood coagulation or development of an insoluble fibrin clot - answer✔✔Third step of
hemostasis: stabilization of the plug occurs as the coagulation pathway is activated on the
platelet surface, and fibrinogen is converted to fibrin.
Thrombocytopenia - answer✔✔Results from a decrease in platelet production, increased
sequestration of platelets in the spleen, or decreased platelet survival
Drug induced thrombocytopenia - answer✔✔can be from aspirin, atorvastatin, antibiotics and of
course Heparin.
Clot retraction - answer✔✔the consolidation or tightening of the fibrin clot pulls the edges of the
damaged vessel close together, allowing for repair of the vessel lining.
Clot dissolution - answer✔✔fibrinolysis occurs through conversion of plasminogen to plasmin
by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), which is released from damaged endothelial cells. This
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,conversion results in digestion of fibrin fibers within the clot and the production of fibrin
degradation products.... Clot dissolves.
Immune thrombocytopenia - answer✔✔was formally called idiopathic thrombocytopenia
purpura. ITP is the most common thrombocytopenic disorder among children and often follows
an upper respiratory infection.
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic - answer✔✔rare and caused by a deficiency of the gene
responsible for severing large von Willebrand factor proteins. The unchecked platelet
aggregation results in microvascular occlusions...end organ failure
Spontaneous bleeding from platelet disorders - answer✔✔Most often involves small vessels of
mucous membranes and skin, common sites are nose, mouth, GI, uterine
Cutaneous bleeding - answer✔✔seen as pinpoint hemorrhages (petechiae), or purple areas of
bruising (purpura)
Petechiae - answer✔✔Occur almost exclusively in conditions of platelet deficiency, not
dysfunction
120 days - answer✔✔RBC lifespan
Spleen - answer✔✔Breaks down RBC
5 years - answer✔✔Almost all bones produce RBCS to maintain growth rate until this age
Red bone marrow - answer✔✔RBCS produced here after birth
20 years - answer✔✔Age when red cell production takes place mainly in the membranous bones
of the vertebrae, sternum, ribs, and pelvis and red marrow changes to fatty yellow due to
decreased activity
Iron and amino acids - answer✔✔Degradation products recycled when RBCS are broken down
Hematocrit - answer✔✔Measures the volume of red cell mass in 100 mL of plasma volume
Transfusion reaction symptoms - answer✔✔•Sensation of heat along the vein where the blood is
being infused
•Flushing of the face
•Urticaria/rash, headache, pain in the lumbar area
•Chills, fever, constricting pain in the chest
•Cramping pain in the abdomen
•Nausea, vomiting
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, •Tachycardia, hypotension, and dyspnea
Anemia - answer✔✔-An abnormally low number of circulating red blood cells or level of
hemoglobin, or both
-Results in diminished oxygen-carrying capacity
characteristic of iron deficiency anemia - answer✔✔microcytic (small) and hypochromic (less
color) red cells
characteristic of megaloblastic anemia - answer✔✔macrocytic (large) and misshaped red blood
cells
sickle cell disease - answer✔✔abnormally shaped red blood cells (crazy shapes)
Chronic blood loss - answer✔✔Usually the reason for iron deficiency anemia
Men and postmenopausal women - answer✔✔Iron deficiency from GI bleed, peptic ulcer,
vascular lesion, intestinal polyps, hemorrhoids, canccer
Women of childbearing age - answer✔✔iron deficiency from menstruation
Pregnant women - answer✔✔Iron deficiency from increased iron demands
Children - answer✔✔Iron deficiency from increased demands due to increased blood volume
3 to 24 months of age - answer✔✔Age when iron requirements are the highest
Low iron from mother, diet of mostly cow's milk - answer✔✔Main causes of iron deficiency in
women
Infectious mononucleosis - answer✔✔•Self-limiting disorder where lymphocytes are produced
in excessive quantities
•Once infected the virus
will remain present in the
B lymphocytes for lifetime
Epstein-Barr virus - answer✔✔cause of infectious mono
Saliva - answer✔✔how mono is transmitted
Long term, the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) - answer✔✔may increase the risk of lupus and six
other autoimmune diseases by changing how certain human genes are expressed.
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