Pathophysiology - The study of the cellular and organ changes that occur with disease
and the effects that these changes have on total body function
Reliability - Ability of a test to yield very similar scores for the same individual over
repeated testings
Validity - the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
Sensitivity - Refers to the proportion of people with a disease who are positive for the
disease on a given test ( true positive)
Specificity - Refers to the proportion of people without a disease who are negative on a
given test (true negative)
predictive value - extent to which a test can differentiate between presence or absence
of a person's condition
Incidence - The number or rate of new cases of a particular condition during a specific
time.
Prevalence - The number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition
present in a population at a given time.
primary prevention - Efforts to prevent an injury or illness from ever occurring.
secondary prevention - -focuses on early identification of individuals or communities
experiencing illness, providing treatment, and conducting activities that are geared to
prevent worsening health status
-examples: communicable disease screening and case finding; early detection and
treatment of diabetes; exercise programs for older adult clients who are frail
tertiary prevention - -aims to prevent the long-term consequences of a chronic illness or
disability and to support optimal functioning
-examples: prevention of pressure ulcers as complication of a spinal cord injury;
promoting independence for the client who has traumatic brain injury
evidence-based practice - clinical decision making that integrates the best available
research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences
clinical expertise - a practitioner's knowledge, skills, and past experience in accurately
assessing, diagnosing, and managing an individual patient's health needs
, clinical practice guidelines - give specific recommendations for evidence-based decision
making
Etiology - cause of disease; what set the disease in motion
Pathogenesis - Explains how the disease evolves; the sequence of cellular and tissue
events that take place from the time of initial contact with an etiologic agent until the
ultimate expression of a disease
Morphologic changes - concerned with both the gross anatomic and microscopic
changes that are characteristic of a disease
symptom - subjective evidence of a disease, such as pain or a headache
sign - Manifestation that is noted by an observer
syndrome - Compilation of signs and symptoms that are characteristic of a specific
disease state
diagnosis - designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem
clinical course - the evolution of the disease
Histology - the study of the microscopic structure of tissues
lesion - a pathologic change of the tissues due to disease or injury
complication - Adverse extension of a disease or outcomes from treatment
sequelae - lesions or impairments that follow or are caused by a disease
history - Account of symptoms, progress and factors that contribute to a diagnosis
physical exam - Performed to identify signs of altered body structure or function
Sodium - 135-148
Potassium - 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Chloride - 95-105
Glucose - 65-120
BUN - 10-20 mg/dL
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