infants, children, and adolescents developmental considerations - bone growth:
rapid in infancy, steady in childhood, rapid in adolescent
completed by age 20
ligaments are stronger than bone, until adolescence
muscle fibers lengthen: gradually through childhood, but increased during adolescent
growth spurt
older adult developmental considerations - -postural changes—kyphosis, loss of height
-bone mass: peaks around 25-35 y/o (age 40: loss of bone matrix occurs more rapidly
than new bone formation
-distribution of subq fat changes (less in face, more in hips)
-muscle mass decreases
-loss of bone density: risk for fractures, osteoporosis
lifestyle affects on musculoskeletal - -improved balance
-increased skeletal muscle mass
-helps delay/prevent osteoporosis
-increased endurance
-improved posture and flexibility
-all of which help reduce falls and injuries
review with patient history - -joint problems/pain (OPQRSTU)
-muscle problems/pain (myalgia)
-bone problems/pain
-functional assessment
-self care behaviors
inspection of musculoskeletal - note size, contour, swelling, color, masses/deformity
palpation of musculoskeletal - palpate each joint and note:
-exact location of any pain
-temperature
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