NUR3128 Final Exam | Questions & Answers (100 %Score) Latest Updated 2024/2025
Comprehensive Questions A+ Graded Answers | With Expert Solutions
The steady state of antibacterial drugs occurs after how many half-lives? - Around 4 to 5
How many half lives does it take for an antibacterial drug to be eliminated via urine? -
Around the 7th half life
What does gram positive mean? - Bacteria that take a positive stain (purple) and are
frequently associated with infections of the respiratory tract and soft tissues
What does gram negative mean? - Bacteria that excepts a negative stain and are
fequently associated with infections of the GI tract
What are narrow spectrum antibiotics? - Effective against specific bacteria, usually gram
positive OR gram negative bacteria
What are broad spectrum antibiotics? - Effective against a broad range of gram-positive
and gram-negative bacteria
Define cross sensitivity - Sensitivity to one substance that renders an individual
sensitive to other substances of similar chemical structure (i.e. allergy to penicillin will
make you sensitivity to other "-cillins".
Define narrow therapeutic index. - The drug has a narrow safety margin and even a
small increase in dose may produce adverse or toxic effects
Define peak - The time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response
Define trough - The lowest point at which a drug reaches before it's next administration
Define superinfection - infection occurring after or on top of an earlier infection,
especially following treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics.
What are examples of broad spectrum penicillins? - Ampicillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-
clavulanate
What are the extended spectrum penicillins? - A group of broad spectrum penicillins
effective against P. aeruginosa, a gram negative bacteria.
What are examples of extended spectrum penicillins? - Piperacillin tazobactam
,What are the beta-lactam antibiotics? - A broad spectrum antibiotic is combined with a
beta-lactamase enzyme inhibitor, which helps make the antibiotic more effective and
extends its effect.
What are examples of beta-lactam antibiotics? - Aztreonam, meropenem
What are cephalosporins? - A type of antibiotic that is effective against gram negative
and gram positive bacteria, as well as resistant to beta-lactamase, so it can easily
penetrate bacteria cell walls.
What are examples of cephalosporins? - Cefazolin, Ceftriaxon, Cefuroxime, Cefdinir,
Cefepime
What is penicillin G used for? - Streptococcal infections, such as syphilis, meningitis,
endocarditis, pneumonia, serious respiratory infections
What is amoxicillin used for? - UTI's, sinusitis, otitis, and lower respiratory tract
infections
What is ampicillin used for? - Used to treat skin infections, soft tissue infections, otitis
media (inflammation of middle ear), sinusitis, respiratory infections, meningitis,
septicemia
What are the adverse reactions to ampicillin? - CDAD
Diarrhea
Rash
Seizures (with high doses)
Anaphylaxis and serum sickness (allergy)
What is amoxicillin-clavulanate used for? - Treatment of sinusitis, RTIs, genitourinary
tract infections.
What are the adverse reactions to amoxicillin-clavulanate? - CDAD
Diarrhea
Rash
Seizures (with high doses)
Anaphylaxis and serum sickness (allergy)
What is the overall desired effect of using anti-infective medications? - Elimination of
infection
What is ciprofloxacin used for? - Anthrax and some variations of the plague; but also
UTIs, lower respiratory tract infections, some forms of gonorrhea.
What is vancomycin used for? - Gram positive severe infections, such as MRSA,
enterococci and Clostridium difficile (C-Diff)
, What adverse reactions are associated with vancomycin? - Anaphylaxis and red-man
syndrome (occurs with rapid transfusion)
What are the Fluroquinolones? - A group of broad spectrum antibiotics used for their
treatment of UTIs, bone and joint infections, bronchitis, pneumonia, and gastroenteritis.
Should be used as last resort antibiotics due to strong adverse reactions.
What items should be avoided before or after taking antibiotics? - Antacids, milk, iron,
alcohol, grapefruit
What adverse reactions are associated with fluroquinolones? - Tendinitis, tendon
rupture
What tests are done to identify TB infection? - TB skin test (PPD), and TB blood test
(QuantiFERON)
What are antituberculars? - Drugs that treat tuberculosis
What is latent infection of TB? - People who harbor TB microorganisms, and may
become active later in life.
What is active infection of TB? - When a person is actively infected with TB
What are symptoms of TB? - Anorexia, productive cough with blood, chest pain, fever,
night sweats, weight loss
What are prophylactic TB antibiotics? - Antitubercular drugs designed to prevent active
TB infection in latently infected TB holders.
Who is prophylactic treatment recommend for when it comes to TB? - · Latent TB
infection
· Immunocompromised
· Positive tuberculin skin test
· Positive iGRA results
· Converted from negative to positive TB
Who should not receive prophylactic TB treatment? - Those with liver disease because
INH (the primary anti-TB drug used) can damage the liver.
Why is single drug therapy not effective for TB treatment? - TB can develop drug
resistance
Why is combination therapy the recommend treatment plan for TB? - It is less likely to
lead to bacterial resistance, and decreases the duration of treatment.
