Cell cycle-nonspecific drugs (CCNS) - •act during any phase of the cell cycle, including
the G0 phase
•Alkylating agents
•Antitumor antibiotics
Cell cycle-specific drugs (CCS) - •exert influence during a specific phase
•most effective against rapidly growing cancer cells
•Antimetabolites
•Alkylating agents
Vinca alkaloids
cancer - Group of diseases in which abnormal cells grow out of control and can spread
to other areas of the body
cancer - Most cases:
•Caused by damage to the DNA within the cell
•Develop when genes in a normal cell become damaged or lost
•Some are inherited
cancer - Malignancy development:
•Requires more than one mutation
Multistep process that may take years to complete
genetic - ___ influences:
•Provide the instructions for production & function of cellular proteins
Defects
•can occur in various ways
•deletion, translocation, duplication, inversion, or insertion
gene - When ___ defects cannot be effectively repaired, cells exhibit abnormal
characteristics and unregulated growth
genetic - Examples of Cancers with ___ influence
•breast, ovarian, prostate, endometrial, colon, pancreatic, & lung
•Retinoblastoma & malignant melanoma
, •Infectious organisms - Influences on Cancer Development:
•Herpes simplex 2 virus
•Hepatitis B & C
•Human papillomavirus (HPV)
•Helicovacteria pylori
•Environmental - Influences on Cancer Development:
•Tobacco
•Asbestos
•Formaldehyde
•Arsenic
•Ionizing radiation
•UV rays
•Unhealthy diet - Influences on Cancer Development:
•Animal fat
•Alcohol
•Hetercyclic amines (found in smoked meat)
cell cycle - G0: "resting"
G1: synthesis of components needed for DNA synthesis
S: synthesis of DNA
G2: synthesis of components needed for mitosis
M: mitosis
Cancer Chemotherapy - -Anticancer drugs affect both cancer & healthy cells
Side Effects:
-largely related to the toxic effects on the healthy cells
Intravenous (IV) infusion:
-Most common route of ___ administration
Doubling time - Cancer Cell Response to Anticancer Drugs:
•Time it takes for a tumor to double in size
Growth fraction - Cancer Cell Response to Anticancer Drugs:
•The percent of actively dividing cells
•Decreases as the tumor enlarges & doubling time increases
Anticancer drugs are more effective against - Cancer Cell Response to Anticancer
Drugs:
•neoplastic cells that have a high growth fraction
•small, fast-growing tumors with sufficient blood supply
•ex: leukemia & some lymphomas
Combination Chemotherapy - •Enhances/ more effective tumoricidal activity
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