Pituitary Gland - -Produces and releases hormones that regulate other endocrine
glands.
-Controlled by the hypothalamus through releasing and inhibiting factors.
-Hormones include growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH),
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), among others.
Thyroid Gland - -Produces thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) that regulate metabolism.
-TSH from the pituitary stimulates thyroid hormone production.
-Negative feedback loop maintains thyroid hormone levels.
Adrenal Glands - -Adrenal cortex produces corticosteroids (cortisol, aldosterone)
involved in stress response and electrolyte balance.
-Adrenal medulla releases adrenaline and norepinephrine in the fight-or-flight response.
1)chemical factors
2)endocrine factors
3)neural control - What regulates hormone release (3)?
endocrine
nervous - The ___ system and the ___ system work together to regulate responses to
the internal and external environment.
hormonal imbalances - -Disorders of the endocrine gland.
-Failure of the feedback systems.
-Defects of delivery of the hormone in the bloodstream.
Hyperpituitarism - -Most commonly due to pituitary adenoma.
-We will focus on
Growth Hormone
-If Growth Hormone is increased = Acromegaly and Gigantism
Hypopituitarism - -Greater variety of causes, including pituitary adenoma.
-If Growth Hormone is decreased = short stature, dwarfism
Acromegaly - -Over 98% of cases caused by pituitary adenoma (i.e., benign tumor) of
the pituitary gland that secretes excessive growth hormone (GH).
posterior pituitary - -Stores and secretes antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - -promotes water reabsorption from renal tubules to
maintain water balance in body fluids.
-deficiency is diabetes insipidus—large amount of water excreted, can lead to severe
fluid volume deficit and electrolyte imbalances
ADH deficiency - -Diabetes insipidus (DI) - large amount of water excreted can lead to
severe fluid deficit and electrolyte imbalances
-ADH replacement preparations
-Vasopressin, desmopressin acetate
ADH excess - -Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH) - excess amount of water
retention.
Treatment:
-Fluid restrictions, hypertonic saline
-Demeclocycline, conivaptan, tolvaptan
Pituitary Adenoma - -Commonly causes for hypersecretion of GH and Prolactin.
Symptoms:
-Headache
-Fatigue
-Visual changes and temporary blindness due to impingement on optic chiasm.
-Infiltrate on other cranial nerves = neuromuscular problems.
Clinical Judgment: Pituitary Hormones - Concept: Hormonal Regulation
-The ability of the body to maintain homeostasis by the regulation, secretion, and action
of hormones associated with the endocrine system
Nursing actions
-Monitor vital signs.
-Record urinary output.
-Obtain daily weight.
-Monitor blood glucose and electrolyte levels.
-Watch carefully for adverse effects.
-Observe for any signs of infection
thyroid hormones - Function:
Regulate metabolism,
and calcium
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